RNA granules are dynamic cellular structures essential for proper gene expression and homeostasis. The two principal types of cytoplasmic RNA granules are stress granules, which contain stalled translation initiation complexes, and processing bodies (P bodies), which concentrate factors involved in mRNA degradation. RNA granules are associated with gene silencing of transcripts; thus, viruses repress RNA granule functions to favor replication. This article discusses the breadth of viral interactions with cytoplasmic RNA granules, focusing on mechanisms that modulate the functions of RNA granules and that typically promote viral replication. Currently, mechanisms for virus manipulation of RNA granules can be loosely grouped into three nonexclusive categories: (a) cleavage of key RNA granule factors, (b) regulation of PKR activation, and (c) co-opting of RNA granule factors for new roles in viral replication. Viral modulation of RNA granules supports productive infection by inhibiting their gene-silencing functions and counteracting their role in linking stress sensing with innate immune activation.

中文翻译：

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细胞质RNA颗粒和病毒感染。

RNA颗粒是动态细胞结构，对于正确的基因表达和体内平衡至关重要。胞浆RNA颗粒的两种主要类型是应激颗粒（包含停滞的翻译起始复合物）和加工体（P体），其集中了参与mRNA降解的因子。RNA颗粒与转录本的基因沉默有关。因此，病毒会抑制RNA颗粒功能以促进复制。本文讨论了病毒与细胞质RNA颗粒相互作用的广度，重点研究了调节RNA颗粒功能并通常促进病毒复制的机制。目前，用于RNA颗粒病毒处理的机制可以粗略地分为三类：（a）关键RNA颗粒因子的裂解，（b）PKR激活的调控，（c）选择RNA颗粒因子在病毒复制中发挥新作用。RNA颗粒的病毒调节通过抑制其基因沉默功能并抵消其在将压力感测与先天免疫激活联系起来中的作用，从而支持生产性感染。