For more than 2 billion years, microbes have reigned on our planet, evolving or outlasting many obstacles they have encountered. In the 20th century, this trend took a dramatic turn with the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines. Nevertheless, since then, microbes have progressively eroded the effectiveness of previously successful antibiotics by developing resistance, and many infections have eluded conventional vaccine design approaches. Moreover, the emergence of resistant and more virulent strains of bacteria has outpaced the development of new antibiotics over the last few decades. These trends have had major economic and health impacts at all levels of the socioeconomic spectrum - we need breakthrough innovations that could effectively manage microbial infections and deliver solutions that stand the test of time. The application of nanotechnologies to medicine, or nanomedicine, which has already demonstrated its tremendous impact on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, is rapidly becoming a major driving force behind ongoing changes in the antimicrobial field. Here we provide an overview on the current progress of nanomedicine in the management of microbial infection, including diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, medical devices, and vaccines, as well as perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in antimicrobial nanomedicine.

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纳米医学在微生物感染管理中的应用——概述和观点


超过 20 亿年以来，微生物一直统治着我们的星球，不断进化或克服了它们遇到的许多障碍。 20世纪，随着抗生素和疫苗的引入，这一趋势发生了戏剧性的转变。然而，从那时起，微生物通过产生耐药性逐渐削弱了以前成功的抗生素的有效性，并且许多感染已经逃脱了传统的疫苗设计方法。此外，在过去的几十年里，耐药性和毒性更强的细菌菌株的出现已经超过了新抗生素的开发速度。这些趋势对社会经济各个层面都产生了重大的经济和健康影响——我们需要突破性的创新来有效管理微生物感染并提供经得起时间考验的解决方案。纳米技术在医学上的应用，或称纳米医学，已经证明了其对制药和生物技术行业的巨大影响，正迅速成为抗菌领域持续变革的主要推动力。在此，我们概述了纳米医学在微生物感染管理方面的最新进展，包括诊断、抗菌治疗、药物输送、医疗器械和疫苗，并对抗菌纳米医学的机遇和挑战进行了展望。