The May 2015 release of the report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in America. That change has moved discussions away from a focus on what is legal or effective in crime control and toward a concern for how the actions of the police influence public trust and confidence in the police. This shift in discourse has been motivated by two factors-first, the recognition by public officials that increases in the professionalism of the police and dramatic declines in the rate of crime have not led to increases in police legitimacy, and second, greater awareness of the limits of the dominant coercive model of policing and of the benefits of an alternative and more consensual model based on public trust and confidence in the police and legal system. Psychological research has played an important role in legitimating this change in the way policymakers think about policing by demonstrating that perceived legitimacy shapes a set of law-related behaviors as well as or better than concerns about the risk of punishment. Those behaviors include compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. These findings demonstrate that legal authorities gain by a focus on legitimacy. Psychological research has further contributed by articulating and demonstrating empirical support for a central role of procedural justice in shaping legitimacy, providing legal authorities with a clear road map of strategies for creating and maintaining public trust. Given evidence of the benefits of legitimacy and a set of guidelines concerning its antecedents, policymakers have increasingly focused on the question of public trust when considering issues in policing. The acceptance of a legitimacy-based consensual model of police authority building on theories and research studies originating within psychology illustrates how psychology can contribute to the development of evidence-based policies in the field of criminal law.

中文翻译：

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心理科学对美国警务的影响：程序正义，合法性和有效的执法。

总统21世纪警务工作组报告于2015年5月发布，突显了主导有关美国警务讨论的问题的根本变化。这一变化使讨论从关注于在犯罪控制上合法或有效的问题转向关注警察的行为如何影响公众对警察的信任和信心。话语的这种变化是由两个因素引起的：第一，公职人员对警察专业水平的提高以及犯罪率的急剧下降的认可并未导致警察合法性的提高；第二，更加了解主导性强制性治安模式的局限性以及基于公众对警察和法律制度的信任和信心的替代性和共识性模式的好处。心理研究在证明决策者思考合法性方面的重要作用方面，通过证明感知的合法性影响了一系列与法律相关的行为，甚至比对惩罚风险的关注更好，从而在使这一变化合法化方面发挥了重要作用。这些行为包括遵守法律和与法律机关的合作。这些发现表明，法律权威通过关注合法性而获益。心理学研究的进一步贡献在于，阐明和证明了程序正义在塑造合法性中的核心作用的实证支持，为法律机构提供建立和维护公众信任的战略清晰路线图。有了合法性的好处的证据和有关其先例的一系列指导，决策者在考虑警务问题时就越来越关注公共信任问题。建立在心理学理论和研究基础之上的基于合法性的警察机关共识模型的接受，说明了心理学如何能够促进刑法领域基于证据的政策的发展。