The complexity of eukaryotic organisms involves the regulation of gene expression through DNA-protein, RNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, and RNA-protein interactions. The role of RNA molecules in the regulation of genes in higher species has become even more evident with the discovery that about 97% of transcription products are represented by non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including short ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). In addition to the well-characterized role of ncRNAs in different physiological cellular processes, numerous studies have also indicated the crucial roles of ncRNAs in neurological diseases and cancer. Although involvement of short ncRNA in those pathologies has already been well documented, there is only scarce evidence to show the participation of lncRNAs. One of the examples of lncRNAs is BC200 RNA, which plays an important role in the regulation of dendritic protein expression. Mislocalization and overexpression of BC200 RNA leads to inadequate RNA delivery to the synapses and results in neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease and neoplastic changes in various groups of tissues. In this review, we summarize the current state of art in the field of the biological significance of lncRNAs, with particular attention paid to the physiological and pathophysiological role of BC200 RNA.

中文翻译：

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长非编码RNA的双刃剑：人脑特异性BC200 RNA在翻译控制，神经退行性疾病和癌症中的作用。

真核生物的复杂性涉及通过DNA-蛋白质，RNA-DNA，RNA-RNA和RNA-蛋白质相互作用调节基因表达。随着发现约97％的转录产物由包括短ncRNA和长ncRNA（lncRNA）的非蛋白质编码RNA（ncRNA）代表，RNA分子在高等物种基因调控中的作用变得更加明显。除了在不同的生理细胞过程中ncRNA的特征明确之外，许多研究还表明ncRNA在神经系统疾病和癌症中的关键作用。尽管短ncRNA参与这些病理已被充分记录，但仅有很少的证据显示lncRNA参与。lncRNA的例子之一是BC200 RNA，在树突状蛋白表达的调节中起重要作用。BC200 RNA的错误定位和过度表达会导致RNA传递到突触的不足，并导致阿尔茨海默氏病的神经退行性过程以及各种组织的肿瘤性改变。在这篇综述中，我们总结了lncRNAs生物学意义领域的最新技术，特别关注了BC200 RNA的生理和病理生理作用。