The diverse literature on shame has led to disparate and often contradictory conclusions regarding the emotion's nature and consequences. The article proposes a motivational theory of shame that accounts for these discrepant findings. The first part of the article uses the concept of active avoidance to outline a dynamic motivational perspective in which shame is based initially in behavioral inhibition that then incorporates subsequent behavioral activation. The motivational shift is guided by shame's relational phenomenology and the normative beliefs associated with shame. In the second part, the motivational perspective is used to account for variations in shame's consequences. Externalizing and restorative tendencies of shame are culturally variable and due to differences in behavioral activation associated with the emotion. However, withdrawal tendencies occur across cultural contexts because of shame's basis in inhibition. Issues in conducting cross-cultural studies on emotion and suggestions for future research are discussed.

中文翻译：

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羞耻的回应中的文化差异：动态的观点。

关于羞耻感的各种文献已得出关于情感的性质和后果的截然不同且往往相互矛盾的结论。本文提出了一种令人羞耻的动机理论，该理论解释了这些不一致的发现。本文的第一部分使用主动回避的概念来概述动态动机观点，其中羞辱最初是基于行为抑制，然后是随后的行为激活。动机转变是由羞耻的关系现象学和与羞耻相关的规范性信念指导的。在第二部分中，动机观点用于解释羞耻后果的变化。羞耻的外在化和恢复倾向在文化上是可变的，并且归因于与情感相关的行为激活的差异。但是，由于羞耻感是抑制的基础，因此在文化背景下会出现退缩倾向。讨论了进行跨文化情感研究的问题以及对未来研究的建议。