The safe disposal of human excreta is of paramount importance for the health and welfare of populations living in low income countries as well as the prevention of pollution to the surrounding environment. On-site sanitation (OSS) systems are the most numerous means of treating excreta in low income countries, these facilities aim at treating human waste at source and can provide a hygienic and affordable method of waste disposal. However, current OSS systems need improvement and require further research and development. Development of OSS facilities that treat excreta at, or close to, its source require knowledge of the waste stream entering the system. Data regarding the generation rate and the chemical and physical composition of fresh feces and urine was collected from the medical literature as well as the treatability sector. The data were summarized and statistical analysis was used to quantify the major factors that were a significant cause of variability. The impact of this data on biological processes, thermal processes, physical separators, and chemical processes was then assessed. Results showed that the median fecal wet mass production was 128 g/cap/day, with a median dry mass of 29 g/cap/day. Fecal output in healthy individuals was 1.20 defecations per 24 hr period and the main factor affecting fecal mass was the fiber intake of the population. Fecal wet mass values were increased by a factor of 2 in low income countries (high fiber intakes) in comparison to values found in high income countries (low fiber intakes). Feces had a median pH of 6.64 and were composed of 74.6% water. Bacterial biomass is the major component (25–54% of dry solids) of the organic fraction of the feces. Undigested carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and fat comprise the remainder and the amounts depend on diet and diarrhea prevalence in the population. The inorganic component of the feces is primarily undigested dietary elements that also depend on dietary supply. Median urine generation rates were 1.42 L/cap/day with a dry solids content of 59 g/cap/day. Variation in the volume and composition of urine is caused by differences in physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes. Urine has a pH 6.2 and contains the largest fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released from the body. The urinary excretion of nitrogen was significant (10.98 g/cap/day) with urea the most predominant constituent making up over 50% of total organic solids. The dietary intake of food and fluid is the major cause of variation in both the fecal and urine composition and these variables should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted.

中文翻译：

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粪便和尿液的表征：文献综述为先进处理技术提供信息

人类排泄物的安全处理对于低收入国家人民的健康和福祉以及防止周围环境污染至关重要。现场卫生（OSS）系统是低收入国家处理排泄物最多的手段，这些设施旨在从源头处理人类废物，并可以提供卫生且负担得起的废物处理方法。然而，当前的OSS系统还需要改进，需要进一步的研究和开发。开发在其源头或附近处理排泄物的 OSS 设施需要了解进入系统的废物流。有关新鲜粪便和尿液的产生率以及化学和物理成分的数据是从医学文献以及可治疗性部门收集的。总结数据并使用统计分析来量化导致变异性的主要因素。然后评估这些数据对生物过程、热过程、物理分离器和化学过程的影响。结果显示，粪便湿量中位数为 128 克/帽/天，中位干质量为 29 克/帽/天。健康个体的粪便量为每24小时1.20次，影响粪便量的主要因素是人群的纤维摄入量。与高收入国家（低纤维摄入量）的粪便湿质量值相比，低收入国家（高纤维摄入量）的粪便湿质量值增加了 2 倍。粪便的中值 pH 值为 6.64，由 74.6% 的水组成。细菌生物量是粪便有机部分的主要成分（占干固体的 25-54%）。其余部分是未消化的碳水化合物、纤维、蛋白质和脂肪，其含量取决于人群的饮食和腹泻患病率。粪便的无机成分主要是未消化的膳食元素，这些元素也取决于膳食供应。中位尿液生成率为 1.42 升/瓶/天，干固体含量为 59 克/瓶/天。尿液量和成分的变化是由体力消耗、环境条件以及水、盐和高蛋白质摄入量的差异引起的。尿液的 pH 值为 6.2，含有体内释放的最大部分的氮、磷和钾。尿氮排泄量显着（10.98 克/帽/天），其中尿素是最主要的成分，占总有机固体的 50% 以上。饮食中食物和液体的摄入量是粪便和尿液成分变化的主要原因，如果要准确预测粪便和尿液的生成率、物理和化学成分，应始终考虑这些变量。