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Phenotypic and functional analysis of SHANK3 stop mutations identified in individuals with ASD and/or ID.
Molecular Autism ( IF 6.3 ) Pub Date : 2015-06-06 , DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0020-5
Daniela M Cochoy 1 , Alexander Kolevzon 2 , Yuji Kajiwara 3 , Michael Schoen 1 , Maria Pascual-Lucas 4 , Stacey Lurie 5 , Joseph D Buxbaum 6 , Tobias M Boeckers 1 , Michael J Schmeisser 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND SHANK proteins are crucial for the formation and plasticity of excitatory synapses. Although mutations in all three SHANK genes are associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), SHANK3 appears to be the major ASD gene with a prevalence of approximately 0.5% for SHANK3 mutations in ASD, with higher rates in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability (ID). Interestingly, the most relevant mutations are typically de novo and often are frameshift or nonsense mutations resulting in a premature stop and a truncation of SHANK3 protein. METHODS We analyzed three different SHANK3 stop mutations that we identified in individuals with ASD and/or ID, one novel (c.5008A > T) and two that we recently described (c.1527G > A, c.2497delG). The mutations were inserted into the human SHANK3a sequence and analyzed for effects on subcellular localization and neuronal morphology when overexpressed in rat primary hippocampal neurons. RESULTS Clinically, all three individuals harboring these mutations had global developmental delays and ID. In our in vitro assay, c.1527G > A and c.2497delG both result in proteins that lack most of the SHANK3a C-terminus and accumulate in the nucleus of transfected cells. Cells expressing these mutants exhibit converging morphological phenotypes including reduced complexity of the dendritic tree, less spines, and less excitatory, but not inhibitory synapses. In contrast, the truncated protein based on c.5008A > T, which lacks only a short part of the sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain in the very SHANK3a C-terminus, does not accumulate in the nucleus and has minor effects on neuronal morphology. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the prevalence of SHANK3 disruptions in ASD and ID, only a few human mutations have been functionally characterized; here we characterize three additional mutations. Considering the transcriptional and functional complexity of SHANK3 in healthy neurons, we propose that any heterozygous stop mutation in SHANK3 will lead to a dysequilibrium of SHANK3 isoform expression and alterations in the stoichiometry of SHANK3 protein complexes, resulting in a distinct perturbation of neuronal morphology. This could explain why the clinical phenotype in all three individuals included in this study remains quite severe - regardless of whether there are disruptions in one or more SHANK3 interaction domains.

中文翻译:

在具有ASD和/或ID的个体中鉴定出的SHANK3终止突变的表型和功能分析。

背景技术SHANK蛋白对于兴奋性突触的形成和可塑性至关重要。尽管所有三个SHANK基因的突变均与自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)相关,但SHANK3似乎是主要的ASD基因,其对ASD的SHANK3突变的患病率约为0.5%,在具有ASD和智力障碍的人中发生率更高(ID )。有趣的是,最相关的突变通常是从头开始的,通常是移码或无意义的突变,导致过早停止和SHANK3蛋白的截短。方法我们分析了在ASD和/或ID个体中识别出的三种不同的SHANK3终止突变,一种是新颖的(c.5008A> T),另一种是我们最近描述的两种(c.1527G> A,c.2497delG)。将这些突变插入人SHANK3a序列中,并在大鼠原代海马神经元中过表达时分析其对亚细胞定位和神经元形态的影响。结果临床上,所有携带这些突变的三个人均具有整体发育迟缓和ID。在我们的体外测定中,c.1527G> A和c.2497delG都导致蛋白质缺少大部分的SHANK3a C末端,并在转染细胞的细胞核中积累。表达这些突变体的细胞表现出趋同的形态表型,包括降低的树突树的复杂性,较少的刺和较少的兴奋性突触,但没有抑制性突触。相比之下,基于c.5008A> T的截短蛋白在非常SHANK3a C末端仅缺少无菌α基序(SAM)域的一小部分,不会积聚在细胞核中,并且对神经元的形态影响很小。结论尽管在ASD和ID中普遍存在SHANK3破坏,但只有少数人类突变在功能上得到了表征。在这里,我们描述了另外三个突变。考虑到健康神经元中SHANK3的转录和功能复杂性,我们建议SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡和SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量变化,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重的原因-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。结论尽管在ASD和ID中普遍存在SHANK3破坏,但只有少数人类突变在功能上得到了表征。在这里,我们描述了另外三个突变。考虑到健康神经元中SHANK3的转录和功能复杂性,我们建议SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡和SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量变化,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重的原因-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。结论尽管在ASD和ID中普遍存在SHANK3破坏,但只有少数人类突变在功能上得到了表征。在这里,我们描述了另外三个突变。考虑到健康神经元中SHANK3的转录和功能复杂性,我们建议SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡和SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量变化,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重的原因-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。在这里,我们描述了另外三个突变。考虑到健康神经元中SHANK3的转录和功能复杂性,我们建议SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡和SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量变化,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。在这里,我们描述了另外三个突变。考虑到健康神经元中SHANK3的转录和功能复杂性,我们建议SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡和SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量变化,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。我们提出,SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡,以及SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量改变,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。我们提出,SHANK3中的任何杂合终止突变将导致SHANK3同工型表达失衡,以及SHANK3蛋白复合物的化学计量改变,从而导致神经元形态的明显扰动。这可以解释为什么本研究中所有三位个体的临床表型仍然非常严重-不管一个或多个SHANK3相互作用域是否中断。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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