Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have rapidly been applied in a broad field of immune-mediated disorders since the first successful clinical use of MSCs for treatment of graft-versus-host disease. Despite the lack of supporting data, expectations that MSCs could potentially treat most inflammatory conditions led to rushed application and development of commercialized products. Today, both pre-clinical and clinical studies present mixed results for MSC therapy and the discrepancy between expected and actual efficacy of MSCs in various diseases has evoked a sense of discouragement. Therefore, we believe that MSC therapy may now be at a critical milestone for re-evaluation and re-consideration. In this review, we summarize the current status of MSC-based clinical trials and focus on the discrepancy between expected and actual outcome of MSC therapy from bench to bedside. Importantly, we discuss the underlying limitations of MSCs and suggest a new guideline for MSC therapy in hopes of improving their therapeutic efficacy.

中文翻译：

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克服基于间充质干细胞的免疫调节局限性的新策略。

自首次成功地将MSC用于治疗移植物抗宿主疾病以来，间充质干细胞（MSC）已迅速应用于免疫介导的疾病的广泛领域。尽管缺乏支持数据，但人们对MSCs可能能够治疗大多数炎性疾病的期望导致了匆忙的应用和商业化产品的开发。如今，临床前和临床研究都对MSC治疗提出了不同的结果，而MSC在各种疾病中的预期疗效与实际疗效之间的差异引起了人们的灰心。因此，我们认为，MSC治疗现在可能是重新评估和重新考虑的关键里程碑。在这篇评论中，我们总结了基于MSC的临床试验的当前状态，并着重于从长凳到床头的MSC治疗的预期结果与实际结果之间的差异。重要的是，我们讨论了MSC的潜在局限性，并为MSC治疗提出了新的指南，以期改善其治疗效果。