Recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors is highly heterogeneous and follows patterns, varying according to the organ of origin and stage of disease, with critical roles in the process of cancer onset and progression. While adaptive cells are endowed with anti-tumor activities, inflammatory components of the immune infiltrate orchestrate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that reveals ambivalent functions of the immune contexture in the tumor milieu. The balance between opposing pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral immune pathways, which occur concomitantly in the tumor microenvironment, and the regulatory networks of these phenomena have been the target of several immunotherapeutic strategies. While the scarcity of adaptive immune effectors in tumors correlates with dismal prognosis, the pathways of activation of tumor-specific lymphocytes are yet to be fully elucidated. Recently, the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid tissue was revealed to be critical in mediating the dynamics of T cell recruitment and local activation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, tertiary lymphoid tissue assessment and targeting emerge as a promising approach for the design of novel prognostic immune signatures and immunotherapeutic strategies. The immunological behavior of tertiary lymphoid tissue, its occurrence in the tumor immune microenvironment and its clinical relevance are discussed here.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤微环境中的第三类淋巴组织：从其发生到免疫治疗的意义。

在实体瘤的微环境中，免疫细胞和炎症细胞的募集是高度异质的，并且遵循的模式随疾病的起源和阶段而变化，在癌症的发作和发展过程中起着至关重要的作用。当适应性细胞具有抗肿瘤活性时，免疫的炎症成分会渗入一个免疫抑制性微环境，从而揭示免疫环境在肿瘤环境中的矛盾功能。在肿瘤微环境中同时发生的相对的促肿瘤和抗肿瘤免疫途径之间的平衡以及这些现象的调节网络已成为几种免疫治疗策略的目标。尽管肿瘤中适应性免疫效应子的缺乏与预后不良有关，肿瘤特异性淋巴细胞的激活途径尚未完全阐明。最近，在肿瘤微环境中，第三级淋巴组织的发生被发现在介导T细胞募集的动力学和免疫细胞的局部活化中起着至关重要的作用。因此，三级淋巴组织评估和靶向成为设计新的预后免疫特征和免疫治疗策略的有前途的方法。本文讨论了第三类淋巴组织的免疫学行为，其在肿瘤免疫微环境中的发生及其临床相关性。在肿瘤微环境中，第三类淋巴组织的发生在介导T细胞募集的动力学和免疫细胞的局部活化中起着至关重要的作用。因此，三级淋巴组织评估和靶向成为设计新的预后免疫特征和免疫治疗策略的有前途的方法。本文讨论了第三类淋巴组织的免疫学行为，其在肿瘤免疫微环境中的发生及其临床相关性。在肿瘤微环境中，第三类淋巴组织的发生在介导T细胞募集的动力学和免疫细胞的局部活化中起着至关重要的作用。因此，三级淋巴组织评估和靶向成为设计新的预后免疫特征和免疫治疗策略的有前途的方法。本文讨论了第三类淋巴组织的免疫学行为，其在肿瘤免疫微环境中的发生及其临床相关性。