The livestock industry in the western United States loses an estimated $500 million annually from livestock production losses due to poisonous plants. Poisoning of livestock by plants often goes undiagnosed because there is a lack of appropriate or available specimens for analysis. The Lupinus species represent an important toxic plant in western North America that can be toxic and/or teratogenic to livestock species due to the quinolizidine alkaloids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of using earwax, hair, oral fluid, and nasal mucus as noninvasive specimens to determine livestock exposure to the teratogenic Lupinus species. Quinolizidine alkaloids were detected in these four matrices in cattle that were administered a single dose of Lupinus leucophyllus. In addition, quinolizidine alkaloids from lupine were detected in the earwax of cattle that grazed on lupine-infested rangelands. This study demonstrates the potential of earwax, hair, oral fluid, and nasal mucus as noninvasive specimens for chemical analyses to aid in the diagnosis of livestock that may have been exposed to and poisoned by plants.

中文翻译：

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评估头发，口服液，耳垢和鼻粘液作为无创标本，以确定对致畸性羽扇豆物种的家畜暴露量

据估计，美国西部的畜牧业每年因有毒植物而造成的畜牧业生产损失5亿美元。由于缺乏适当或可用的标本进行分析，因此常常无法诊断出植物对家畜造成的中毒。该羽扇豆种代表在北美西部一个重要的有毒植物是有毒的和/或致畸牲畜品种由于叶甲生物碱。这项研究的目的是评估使用耳垢，头发，口腔液体和鼻粘液作为无创标本确定牲畜接触致畸性羽扇豆物种的潜力。在牛的这四个基质中检测到喹喔啉生物碱，这些基质被单剂量给予白羽扇豆。此外，在放牧于羽扇豆的牧场上的牛的耳垢中检出了羽扇豆的喹喔啉生物碱。这项研究证明了耳垢，头发，口腔液体和鼻粘液作为无创性标本进行化学分析的潜力，有助于诊断可能已被植物接触并被植物中毒的牲畜。