Complex physical and chemical interactions take place in the interface between the implant surface and bone. Various descriptions of the ultrastructural arrangement to various implant design features, ranging from solid and macroporous geometries to surface modifications on the micron-, submicron-, and nano- levels, have been put forward. Here, the current knowledge regarding structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed with a focus on solid devices, mainly metal (or alloy) intended for permanent anchorage in bone. Certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation are also considered. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In the published literature, as many as eight distinct arrangements of the bone-implant interface ultrastructure have been described. The interpretation is influenced by the in vivo model and species-specific characteristics, healing time point(s), physico-chemical properties of the implant surface, implant geometry, sample preparation route(s) and associated artefacts, analytical technique(s) and their limitations, and non-compromised vs compromised local tissue conditions. The understanding of the ultrastructure of the interface under experimental conditions is rapidly evolving due to the introduction of novel techniques for sample preparation and analysis. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the interface zone in humans in relation to clinical implant performance is still hampered by the shortcomings of clinical methods for resolving the finer details of the bone-implant interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Being a hierarchical material by design, the overall strength of bone is governed by composition and structure. Understanding the structure of the bone-implant interface is essential in the development of novel bone repair materials and strategies, and their long-term success. Here, the current knowledge regarding the eventual structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed, with a focus on solid devices intended for permanent anchorage in bone, and certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin.

中文翻译：

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骨整合和目前对骨-植入物界面的解释。

复杂的物理和化学相互作用发生在植入物表面和骨骼之间的界面中。已经提出了对超微结构布置和各种植入物设计特征的各种描述，从固体和大孔几何形状到微米，亚微米和纳米级的表面改性。在这里，对有关骨-植入物界面的结构组织的当前知识进行了综述，重点是固体装置，主要是用于永久性锚固在骨中的金属（或合金）。还考虑了经历表面和整体降解的某些生物材料。骨-植入物界面是由矿化，部分矿化和未矿化区域组成的异质区。在中微纳米连续体中，矿化的胶原蛋白原纤维形成了骨-植入物界面的结构基础，此外还积累了非胶原性大分子（如骨桥蛋白，骨唾液蛋白和骨钙素）。在公开的文献中，已经描述了多达八种不同的骨-植入物界面超微结构排列。解释受体内模型和物种特异性特征，愈合时间点，植入物表面的理化性质，植入物几何形状，样品制备途径和相关人工制品，分析技术和方法的影响。它们的局限性，以及非妥协vs妥协的局部组织状况。由于引入了用于样品制备和分析的新技术，对在实验条件下界面的超微结构的理解正在迅速发展。然而，由于解决骨-植入物界面的更精细细节的临床方法的缺点，仍然妨碍了人们对与临床植入物性能相关的人的界面区的当前理解。重要性说明：设计上是一种分层材料，骨骼的整体强度取决于组成和结构。在新型骨修复材料和策略的开发及其长期成功中，了解骨-植入物界面的结构至关重要。在这里，我们将回顾有关骨骼与植入物界面最终结构组织的最新知识，重点是用于永久性固定在骨骼中的固体装置，以及某些会发生表面和体积降解的生物材料。骨-植入物界面是由矿化，部分矿化和未矿化区域组成的异质区。在中微纳米连续体中，矿化的胶原原纤维形成了骨-植入物界面的结构基础，此外还积累了非胶原大分子（如骨桥蛋白，骨唾液蛋白和骨钙素）。