Neurodegenerative diseases are complex in both their nature and prognosis. The difficulties associated with penetrating the blood–brain barrier (BBB), achieving site-specific targeting to the brain, and identifying the genetic etiologies responsible make treating neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and stroke, challenging. The aim to treat disease at the molecular level has galvanized nanotechnology research. Among the forms of nanoparticles (NPs) explored thus far, nanodiamonds (NDs) have shown great potential. Their unique physicochemical properties, such as a nanometer size range, stable and inert core, tunable surface, intrinsic fluorescence without photobleaching, negligible toxicity, and the ability to form complexes with drugs, highlight their theranostic potential. The ability of NDs to penetrate the BBB and target specific affected areas of the brain could take research one step closer to understanding the underlying disease etiology and unlocking more efficient methods of delivering neuromedicine to specific areas of the brain. Here, we explore interactions between NDs and the neuronal circuitry with a focus on the therapeutic potential of NDs as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

神经退行性疾病的性质和预后都很复杂。与穿透血脑屏障（BBB），实现针对特定部位的大脑定位以及确定负责的遗传病因相关的困难使得治疗神经退行性疾病，例如阿尔茨海默氏病（AD），帕金森氏病（PD），亨廷顿氏病（HD），肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ALS）和中风，具有挑战性。在分子水平上治疗疾病的目的已经激发了纳米技术的研究。迄今为止，在探索的纳米颗粒（NPs）形式中，纳米金刚石（NDs）表现出巨大的潜力。它们具有独特的理化特性，例如纳米尺寸范围，稳定和惰性的核，可调节的表面，固有的荧光而不发生光致漂白，毒性可忽略不计以及与药物形成复合物的能力，突出他们的治疗学潜力。NDs穿透BBB并靶向大脑特定患病区域的能力可以使研究进一步深入，以了解潜在的疾病病因并开辟更有效的将神经医学药物运送至大脑特定区域的方法。在这里，我们探索神经元和神经元电路之间的相互作用，重点是神经元作为神经退行性疾病的治疗潜力的治疗潜力。