Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disorder. Multiple neural networks in the brain including the reward system (e.g., the mesocorticolimbic system), the anti-reward/stress system (e.g., the extended amygdala), and the central immune system, are involved in the development of drug addiction and relapse after withdrawal from drugs of abuse. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that it is promising to control drug addiction by pharmacologically targeting the addiction-related systems in the brain. Here we review the pharmacological targets within the dopamine system, glutamate system, trace amine system, anti-reward system, and central immune system, which are of clinical interests. Furthermore, we discuss other potential therapies, e.g., brain stimulation, behavioral treatments, and therapeutic gene modulation, which could be effective to treat drug addiction. We conclude that, although drug addiction is a complex disorder that involves complicated neural mechanisms and psychological processes, this mental disorder is treatable and may be curable by therapies such as gene modulation in the future.

中文翻译：

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吸毒：可治愈的精神障碍？

吸毒成瘾是一种慢性复发性脑疾病。大脑中的多个神经网络，包括奖赏系统（例如，中皮层皮质系统），抗奖赏/压力系统（例如，扩展杏仁核）和中枢免疫系统，都参与了药物成瘾的发展，并在此后复发。戒除滥用毒品。临床前和临床研究表明，通过药理作用靶向大脑中与成瘾相关的系统来控制成瘾是有希望的。在这里，我们综述了多巴胺系统，谷氨酸系统，痕量胺系统，抗奖赏系统和中枢免疫系统内的药理学靶点，它们具有临床意义。此外，我们讨论了其他可能的疗法，例如脑刺激，行为疗法和治疗性基因调节，这可能有效地治疗了吸毒成瘾。我们得出的结论是，尽管吸毒成瘾是一种复杂的疾病，涉及复杂的神经机制和心理过程，但这种精神疾病是可以治疗的，将来可能通过诸如基因调制的疗法来治愈。