Methoxetamine (MXE) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that is chemically and pharmacologically similar to other dissociative substances, such as ketamine and phencyclidine. There are reports on the misuse of MXE, which sometimes resulted in adverse consequences and death. Studies have also shown that MXE has abuse liability and stimulates dopamine neurotransmission in the mesolimbic reward pathway in the brain. These findings have contributed to the negative impression on MXE. However, recent preclinical studies have identified the antidepressant properties of MXE, which are attributed to its ability to affect the glutamatergic and serotonergic systems. MXE is also reported to have analgesic effects. These findings show some of the "redeeming qualities" of MXE and indicate its possible therapeutic uses. In this paper, we have reviewed the findings that provide insights into the adverse and potential therapeutic effects of MXE. We compiled studies on the toxicity, psychotomimetic effects, and abuse liability of MXE, as well as its promising antidepressant and analgesic properties. We also have discussed the mechanism of action that might mediate the somewhat paradoxical effects observed. Importantly, this review provides valuable information on MXE for future research and will enable a better understanding of its psychopharmacological properties and the mechanisms responsible for its unique effects.

中文翻译：

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甲氧西丁胺：是敌人还是朋友？

甲基苯丙胺（MXE）是一种N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体拮抗剂，在化学和药理学上类似于其他解离物质，例如氯胺酮和苯环利定。有关于滥用MXE的报道，有时会导致不良后果和死亡。研究还表明，MXE具有滥用责任，并会刺激大脑中脑边缘的奖励途径中的多巴胺神经传递。这些发现导致了对MXE的负面印象。然而，最近的临床前研究已经确定了MXE的抗抑郁特性，这归因于其影响谷氨酸能和5-羟色胺能系统的能力。据报道，MXE还具有镇痛作用。这些发现表明了MXE的某些“可赎回品质”，并表明了其可能的治疗用途。在本文中，我们已经审查了发现，这些发现为MXE的不良和潜在的治疗作用提供了见识。我们汇编了有关MXE的毒性，拟拟精神药物作用和滥用责任的研究，以及其有希望的抗抑郁和镇痛作用。我们还讨论了可能介导观察到的有些自相矛盾作用的作用机理。重要的是，本综述提供了有关MXE的有价值的信息，以供将来研究，并将使人们更好地了解其心理药理特性以及引起其独特作用的机制。我们还讨论了可能介导观察到的有些自相矛盾作用的作用机理。重要的是，本综述提供了有关MXE的有价值的信息，以供将来研究，并将使人们更好地了解其心理药理特性以及引起其独特作用的机制。我们还讨论了可能介导观察到的有些自相矛盾作用的作用机理。重要的是，本综述提供了有关MXE的有价值的信息，以供将来研究，并将使人们更好地了解其心理药理特性以及引起其独特作用的机制。