Abstract Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions are one of the most efficient nutraceutical delivery systems. Our main objective was to compare some emulsion properties of double nano-emulsions loaded with gallic acid in W1 phase. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), and pectin-WPC or/Tween 80 were applied as emulsifiers in W1-O and O-W2 interfaces, respectively. Our results revealed that complex of pectin-WPC had the same resistance against sedimentation and creaming as Tween 80. The particle size of double emulsions produced by Tween 80 and pectin-WPC were in the range of 98–577 and 100–1520 nm, respectively. Z-potential of double emulsions prepared with pectin-WPC were more negative than −30 mV; so they were more stable during the long term storage. The optimum conditions for preparing WPC-pectin stabilized delivery systems were determined as 5, 75 and 20 (wt. %) PGPR, soybean oil and deionized water, respectively for internal W1/O nano-emulsion; and 1, 4, 79 and 16 (wt. %) pectin, WPC, deionized water, and internal nano-emulsion, respectively for the W1/O/W2 emulsions. Student's t-test analysis revealed that except for z-potential, there were no significant differences between emulsifiers (pectin-WPC and Tween 80). The present study demonstrates that pectin-WPC complex can be used as an appropriate emulsifier comparable with Tween 80 for stabilizing double emulsions.

中文翻译：

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果胶-乳清蛋白复合物与小分子表面活性剂用于稳定双纳米乳液作为新型生物活性递送系统

摘要 水包油包水（W1/O/W2）双乳剂是最有效的营养输送系统之一。我们的主要目的是比较 W1 相负载没食子酸的双纳米乳液的一些乳液特性。聚甘油聚蓖麻油酸酯 (PGPR) 和果胶-WPC 或/吐温 80 分别用作 W1-O 和 O-W2 界面的乳化剂。我们的研究结果表明，果胶-WPC 复合物具有与吐温 80 相同的抗沉降性和抗乳油性。吐温 80 和果胶-WPC 产生的双乳液粒径分别在 98-577 和 100-1520 nm 范围内. 用果胶-WPC制备的双乳剂的Z-电位比-30 mV更负；因此它们在长期储存期间更加稳定。制备WPC-果胶稳定递送系统的最佳条件确定为内含W1/O纳米乳的PGPR、大豆油和去离子水分别为5、75和20（wt.%）；W1/O/W2 乳液分别为 1、4、79 和 16（重量%）果胶、WPC、去离子水和纳米内乳液。Student t 检验分析表明，除了 z 电位外，乳化剂（果胶-WPC 和吐温 80）之间没有显着差异。本研究表明，果胶-WPC 复合物可用作与吐温 80 相当的合适乳化剂，用于稳定双乳液。分别用于 W1/O/W2 乳液。Student t 检验分析表明，除了 z 电位外，乳化剂（果胶-WPC 和吐温 80）之间没有显着差异。本研究表明，果胶-WPC 复合物可用作与吐温 80 相当的合适乳化剂，用于稳定双乳液。分别用于 W1/O/W2 乳液。Student t 检验分析表明，除了 z 电位外，乳化剂（果胶-WPC 和吐温 80）之间没有显着差异。本研究表明，果胶-WPC 复合物可用作与吐温 80 相当的合适乳化剂，用于稳定双乳液。