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Vapor-fumigation for record efficiency two-dimensional perovskite solar cells with superior stability†
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2018-10-19 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c8ee02284d Xuejie Zhu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Zhuo Xu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Shengnan Zuo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Jiangshan Feng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Ziyu Wang 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , Xiaorong Zhang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Kui Zhao 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Jian Zhang 4, 11, 12, 13, 14 , Hairui Liu 15, 16, 17, 18 , Shashank Priya 15, 16, 17, 18 , Shengzhong Frank Liu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Dong Yang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.4 ) Pub Date : 2018-10-19 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c8ee02284d Xuejie Zhu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Zhuo Xu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Shengnan Zuo 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Jiangshan Feng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Ziyu Wang 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , Xiaorong Zhang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Kui Zhao 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Jian Zhang 4, 11, 12, 13, 14 , Hairui Liu 15, 16, 17, 18 , Shashank Priya 15, 16, 17, 18 , Shengzhong Frank Liu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Dong Yang 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliation
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Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have emerged as prospective candidates for high performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their remarkable environmental stability. However, their power conversion efficiency (PCE) is much lower than that of their 3D counterparts owing to large exciton binding energy, poor carrier transport, and low conductivity. Herein, we developed a methylammonium (MA) based 2D perovskite thin film using vapor-fumigation technology. Compared to the traditional 2D perovskite based on bulky butylammonium (BA) cations, its exciton binding energy significantly decreased to 172 meV from 510 meV, as calculated by first-order perturbation theory and an infinite barrier approximation, due to the high dielectric constant of MA. According to the WKb approximation, the tunneling probability of a carrier through a quantum well increased by four orders of magnitude because of the smaller layer thickness, which was confirmed by XRD (the layer spacing decreased to 9.08 Å of MA2PbI4 from 13.39 Å of BA2PbI4). In addition, theoretical calculations and experimental analysis reveal that the MA2PbI4 perovskite possesses a narrow band gap, good conductivity, and a low trap density. As a result, the PCE of the 2D PSCs reached 16.92%, and the certified efficiency was 16.6% according to the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), the highest efficiency value so far for 2D PSCs. Furthermore, the MA2PbI4 devices exhibited superior long-term stability under illumination and exposure to environmental conditions. The PCEs of the 2D perovskite devices without encapsulation degraded by only 2.2% from their initial values when exposed to ambient conditions at ∼55% relative humidity for 1512 hours. Meanwhile, the efficiency remained 97.2% of its initial value when the device was continuously illuminated for 500 hours at 60 °C in argon. Even after following the illumination test with light-soaking for over 500 h in ambient air, the PCE of the unsealed device suffered only a minor degradation of 3.8%.
中文翻译：
蒸汽熏蒸可实现创纪录的二维钙钛矿型太阳能电池的稳定性†
由于其出色的环境稳定性，二维（2D）钙钛矿已经成为高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的潜在候选者。但是，由于激子结合能大，载流子传输差和电导率低，它们的功率转换效率（PCE）远低于3D功率转换效率。本文中，我们使用蒸汽熏蒸技术开发了基于甲基铵（MA）的2D钙钛矿薄膜。与基于大体积丁基铵（BA）阳离子的传统2D钙钛矿相比，由于MA的高介电常数，通过一阶扰动理论和无穷大势垒近似计算，其激子结合能从510 meV显着降低至172 meV。 。根据WKb近似值，2碘化铅4 BA的距离13.39 2碘化铅4）。另外，理论计算和实验分析表明，MA 2 PbI 4钙钛矿具有窄的带隙，良好的电导率和低的陷阱密度。结果，根据美国国家计量学会（NIM）的数据，二维PSC的PCE达到16.92％，经认证的效率为16.6％，这是迄今为止二维PSC的最高效率值。此外，MA 2 PbI 4器件在光照和暴露于环境条件下表现出卓越的长期稳定性。当在约55％相对湿度的环境条件下暴露1512小时时，没有封装的2D钙钛矿设备的PCE仅比其初始值降低2.2％。同时，当器件在60°C的氩气中连续照明500小时时，效率保持其初始值的97.2％。即使在环境光中浸泡了500小时以上进行照明测试之后，未密封设备的PCE仍然只发生了3.8％的小幅下降。
更新日期：2018-10-19
中文翻译：
蒸汽熏蒸可实现创纪录的二维钙钛矿型太阳能电池的稳定性†
由于其出色的环境稳定性，二维（2D）钙钛矿已经成为高性能钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的潜在候选者。但是，由于激子结合能大，载流子传输差和电导率低，它们的功率转换效率（PCE）远低于3D功率转换效率。本文中，我们使用蒸汽熏蒸技术开发了基于甲基铵（MA）的2D钙钛矿薄膜。与基于大体积丁基铵（BA）阳离子的传统2D钙钛矿相比，由于MA的高介电常数，通过一阶扰动理论和无穷大势垒近似计算，其激子结合能从510 meV显着降低至172 meV。 。根据WKb近似值，2碘化铅4 BA的距离13.39 2碘化铅4）。另外，理论计算和实验分析表明，MA 2 PbI 4钙钛矿具有窄的带隙，良好的电导率和低的陷阱密度。结果，根据美国国家计量学会（NIM）的数据，二维PSC的PCE达到16.92％，经认证的效率为16.6％，这是迄今为止二维PSC的最高效率值。此外，MA 2 PbI 4器件在光照和暴露于环境条件下表现出卓越的长期稳定性。当在约55％相对湿度的环境条件下暴露1512小时时，没有封装的2D钙钛矿设备的PCE仅比其初始值降低2.2％。同时，当器件在60°C的氩气中连续照明500小时时，效率保持其初始值的97.2％。即使在环境光中浸泡了500小时以上进行照明测试之后，未密封设备的PCE仍然只发生了3.8％的小幅下降。
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