A nature-friendly matrix As the human population has grown, we have taken and modified more and more land, leaving less and less for nonhuman species. This is clearly unsustainable, and the amount of land we protect for nature needs to be increased and preserved. However, this still leaves vast regions of the world unprotected and modified. Such landscapes do not have to be a lost cause. Kremen and Merenlender review how biodiversity-based techniques can be used to manage most human-modified lands as “working landscapes.” These can provide for human needs and maintain biodiversity not just for ecosystem services but also for maintenance and persistence of nonhuman species. Science, this issue p. eaau6020 BACKGROUND Biodiversity is under siege, with greatly enhanced rates of local and global extinction and the decline of once-abundant species. Current rates of human-induced climate change and land use forecast the Anthropocene as one of the most devastating epochs for life on earth. How do we handle the Anthropocene’s triple challenge of preventing biodiversity loss, mitigating and adapting to climate change, and sustainably providing resources for a growing human population? The answer is in how we manage Earth’s “working lands”; that is, farms, forests, and rangelands. These lands must be managed both to complement the biodiversity conservation goals of protected areas and to maintain the diverse communities of organisms, from microbes to mammals, that contribute to producing food, materials, clean water, and healthy soils; sequestering greenhouse gases; and buffering extreme weather events, functions that are essential for all life on Earth. ADVANCES Protected areas are the cornerstone of biodiversity conservation. Although the total area of protected regions needs to be increased, parks will nonetheless continue to lose species if these areas are isolated from one another by inhospitable land uses and are faced with a rapidly changing climate. Further, many species, such as those that migrate, remain unprotected as they occupy lands outside of parks for all or portions of their life cycles. Lastly, protected-area effectiveness is greatly influenced by surrounding land management. “Working lands conservation” aims to support biodiversity while providing goods and services for humanity over the long term, assuring sustainability and resilience. By managing lands surrounding parks favorably, working lands can buffer protected areas from threats and connect them to one another. This approach complements protected areas by providing accessory habitats and resources for some species while facilitating dispersal and climate change adaptation for others. Further, by maintaining the biodiversity that supplies critical ecosystem services within working lands, these approaches ensure that the production of food, fiber, fuel, and timber can be sustained over the long run and be more resilient to extreme events, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, and pest and disease outbreaks, which are becoming more frequent with climate change. A variety of biodiversity-based land management techniques can be used in working lands, including agroforestry, silvopasture, diversified farming, and ecosystem-based forest management, to ensure sustainable production of food and fiber. OUTLOOK The underlying principle of biodiversity-based management of working lands has been practiced since ancient times. Today, these systems have largely been replaced by unsustainable resource extraction, rather than serving as models that could be adapted to modern conditions. Although various regulatory, voluntary, and financial tools exist to promote sustainable land management, many barriers prevent individuals, communities, and corporations from adopting biodiversity-based practices, including deeply entrenched policy and market conditions that favor industrialized or extractive models of land use. Thus, uptake of these approaches has been patchy and slow and is not yet sufficient to create change at the temporal and spatial scales needed to face the triple Anthropocene threat. Biodiversity-based land management practices are knowledge- rather than technology-intensive. They are well adapted to empower local communities to manage their natural resources. One of the most exciting emerging trends is community-driven initiatives to manage working landscapes for conservation and sustainability. By linking up through grassroots organizations, social movements, and public-private partnerships, these initiatives can scale up to create collective impact and can demand changes in government policies to facilitate the conservation of working lands. Scientists and conservation practitioners can support these initiatives by engaging with the public, listening to alternative ways of knowing, and cocreating landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Strawberry production in Central Coast, California. On the left, a homogeneous landscape of strawberry monoculture, including organic fields, supports fewer wild species then a diversified, organic farm (right) in the same region, which includes a small field of strawberry, surrounded by orchards, hedgerows, diverse vegetable crops, and natural habitats. The monoculture landscape creates barriers to wildlife dispersal, whereas the diversified landscape is more permeable. PHOTO: C. KREMEN How can we manage farmlands, forests, and rangelands to respond to the triple challenge of the Anthropocene—biodiversity loss, climate change, and unsustainable land use? When managed by using biodiversity-based techniques such as agroforestry, silvopasture, diversified farming, and ecosystem-based forest management, these socioeconomic systems can help maintain biodiversity and provide habitat connectivity, thereby complementing protected areas and providing greater resilience to climate change. Simultaneously, the use of these management techniques can improve yields and profitability more sustainably, enhancing livelihoods and food security. This approach to “working lands conservation” can create landscapes that work for nature and people. However, many socioeconomic challenges impede the uptake of biodiversity-based land management practices. Although improving voluntary incentives, market instruments, environmental regulations, and governance is essential to support working lands conservation, it is community action, social movements, and broad coalitions among citizens, businesses, nonprofits, and government agencies that have the power to transform how we manage land and protect the environment.

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对生物多样性和人类有益的景观

自然友好型矩阵 随着人口的增长，我们占用和改造的土地越来越多，留给非人类物种的土地越来越少。这显然是不可持续的，我们为自然保护的土地数量需要增加和保护。然而，这仍然使世界上的广大地区不受保护和改变。这样的景观不一定是一个失败的原因。Kremen 和 Merenlender 回顾了如何使用基于生物多样性的技术来管理大多数人为改造的土地作为“工作景观”。这些可以满足人类需求并维持生物多样性，不仅是为了生态系统服务，而且是为了维持和维持非人类物种。科学，这个问题 p。eaau6020 背景 生物多样性正受到围攻，当地和全球灭绝的速度大大增加，曾经丰富的物种也在减少。目前人类引起的气候变化和土地利用的速度预测人类世是地球上生命最具破坏性的时代之一。我们如何应对人类世的三重挑战：防止生物多样性丧失、减缓和适应气候变化以及为不断增长的人口可持续提供资源？答案在于我们如何管理地球的“工作土地”；即农场、森林和牧场。必须对这些土地进行管理，以补充保护区的生物多样性保护目标，并维持从微生物到哺乳动物的多样化生物群落，这些群落有助于生产食物、材料、清洁水和健康的土壤；隔离温室气体；和缓冲极端天气事件，这是地球上所有生命必不可少的功能。进展 保护区是生物多样性保护的基石。尽管需要增加保护区的总面积，但如果这些地区因土地使用不当而彼此隔离并面临快速变化的气候，公园将继续失去物种。此外，许多物种，例如迁徙的物种，在其全部或部分生命周期中占据公园外的土地时，仍然不受保护。最后，保护区的有效性受周围土地管理的影响很大。“工作用地保护”旨在支持生物多样性，同时为人类长期提供商品和服务，确保可持续性和复原力。通过有利地管理公园周围的土地，工作土地可以缓冲受威胁的保护区并将它们相互连接起来。这种方法通过为某些物种提供附属栖息地和资源，同时促进其他物种的传播和气候变化适应来补充保护区。此外，通过维护在工作土地内提供关键生态系统服务的生物多样性，这些方法可确保食物、纤维、燃料和木材的生产能够长期持续，并更能抵御洪水、干旱等极端事件、飓风以及病虫害爆发，这些随着气候变化变得越来越频繁。各种基于生物多样性的土地管理技术可用于工作土地，包括农林业、林牧、多样化农业和基于生态系统的森林管理，以确保粮食和纤维的可持续生产。展望 以生物多样性为基础的工作土地管理的基本原则自古以来就已实践。今天，这些系统在很大程度上已被不可持续的资源开采所取代，而不是作为可以适应现代条件的模型。尽管存在各种监管、自愿和金融工具来促进可持续土地管理，但许多障碍阻止个人、社区和公司采用基于生物多样性的做法，包括根深蒂固的政策和市场条件，有利于土地利用的工业化或采掘模式。因此，这些方法的采用是零散而缓慢的，还不足以在应对人类世三重威胁所需的时间和空间尺度上产生变化。基于生物多样性的土地管理实践是知识密集型而非技术密集型。它们非常适合赋予当地社区管理其自然资源的能力。最令人兴奋的新兴趋势之一是社区驱动的举措，以管理工作景观以实现保护和可持续性。通过基层组织、社会运动和公私伙伴关系的联系，这些举措可以扩大规模以产生集体影响，并可以要求改变政府政策以促进工作土地的保护。科学家和保护从业者可以通过与公众互动、倾听替代的认识方式以及共同创造对生物多样性和人类有益的景观来支持这些举措。加利福尼亚州中央海岸的草莓生产。在左边，草莓单一栽培的均质景观，包括有机田，支持的野生物种少于同一地区的多样化有机农场（右），其中包括一小块草莓田，周围环绕着果园、灌木篱笆、各种蔬菜作物和自然栖息地. 单一栽培景观对野生动物的传播造成了障碍，而多样化景观更具渗透性。照片：C. KREMEN 我们如何管理农田、森林和牧场以应对人类世的三重挑战——生物多样性丧失、气候变化和不可持续的土地利用？通过使用基于生物多样性的技术（例如农林业、林牧、多样化农业和基于生态系统的森林管理）进行管理时，这些社会经济系统可以帮助维持生物多样性并提供栖息地连通性，从而补充保护区并增强对气候变化的适应能力。同时，使用这些管理技术可以更可持续地提高产量和盈利能力，改善生计和粮食安全。这种“保护工作土地”的方法可以创造对自然和人类有益的景观。然而，许多社会经济挑战阻碍了采用基于生物多样性的土地管理做法。尽管改善自愿激励措施、市场工具、环境法规和治理对于支持工作用地保护至关重要，但社区行动、社会运动以及公民、企业、非营利组织和政府机构之间的广泛联盟才有能力改变我们的工作方式。管理土地和保护环境。