The modulation of an animal's behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.

中文翻译：

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果蝇的外围章鱼胺/酪氨酸能系统的全面解剖图。

通过外部感官刺激，先前的经验及其内部状态来调节动物的行为对于在不断变化的环境中生存至关重要。在大多数昆虫中，章鱼胺（OA）及其前体酪胺（TA）通过使生物体从松弛或休眠状态转变为响应，兴奋和警觉状态来调节多种生理过程和行为。即使在果蝇的单细胞水平上描述了中枢脑的OA / TA神经元，但解剖学研究很大程度上忽略了外周。鉴于OA / TA涉及高度依赖于各种外围器官的进食，飞行和运动等行为，因此有必要研究这些神经元的外围连接以获得OA / TA电路的完整图景。我们在这里描述了与整个苍蝇的外周组织有关的这种胺能系统的解剖结构。OA / TA神经元遍及全身骨骼肌，支配着生殖器官，心脏，体集以及触角，腿，翅膀和背心的感觉器官，突显了它们在调节复杂行为方面的重要性。