Self-propulsion at the nanoscale constitutes a challenge due to the need for overcoming viscous forces and Brownian motion. Inspired by nature, artificial micro- and nanomachines powered by catalytic reactions have been developed. Due to the toxicity of the most commonly used fuels, enzyme catalysis has emerged as a versatile and biocompatible alternative to generate self-propulsion. Different swimmer sizes, ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale, and geometries, including tubular and spherical shapes, have been explored. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying enzyme-mediated propulsion. Size, shape, enzyme quantity and distribution, as well as the intrinsic enzymatic properties, may play crucial roles in motion dynamics.

中文翻译：

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酶促微和纳米游泳器的基本方面

由于需要克服粘性力和布朗运动，因此纳米级的自我推进构成了挑战。受自然界的启发，已经开发了由催化反应提供动力的人造微机械和纳米机械。由于最常用的燃料的毒性，酶催化已成为一种产生自推进力的通用且生物相容的替代物。已经研究了从纳米级到微米级的不同游泳者尺寸，以及包括管状和球形的几何形状。然而，仍然缺乏对酶介导的推进机制的理解。大小，形状，酶的数量和分布以及固有的酶学性质可能在运动动力学中起关键作用。