Proliferations of potentially toxic, mat-forming Microcoleus are increasing in streams globally. A range of cyanotoxins are produced by Microcoleus, with the neurotoxic anatoxins (anatoxin-a, dihydro-anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and dihydro-homoanatoxin-a) the most commonly reported. The anatoxins produced by Microcoleus are thought to be largely contained within the cells. More knowledge on whether anatoxins are been released into the overlying stream water is required to better assess health risks to human, animals, and aquatic organisms. Field studies were conducted in three streams experiencing toxic Microcoleus autumnalis (basionym Phormidium autumnale)-dominated proliferations. Samples were collected every 1.5–3 h over a 24- or 26-h sampling period. Water samples were analyzed for total (intracellular and dissolved) and dissolved anatoxins, and time-integrated anatoxin samples were collected using solid phase adsorption tracking technology (SPATT). Anatoxins were detected in all stream water and SPATT samples (max. 0.91 ng mL⁻¹ and 95 ng g^-1 of strata-x hr⁻¹). At two sites, anatoxins were largely dissolved, whereas at the third site only total anatoxins could be detected. Temporal variability in anatoxin concentrations was observed, but there were no evident patterns between sampling sites. Linear regression showed a very weakstatistically significant relationship (R² = 0.24, p = 0.002) between total anatoxin concentrations in water and SPATT, however, when tested per site, only one of the three showed a significant relationship. These results highlight the potential for chronic exposure to anatoxins for humans (i.e., through drinking water) and aquatic organisms in streams with M. autumnalis proliferations. The health implications of this are unknown.

全球范围内，潜在有毒，可形成垫子的微型彩叶的扩散正在增加。藻毒素的范围所生产Microcoleus，与神经毒性anatoxins（类毒素-α，二氢类毒素-α，homoanatoxin-a和二氢homoanatoxin-a）的最常用的报道。微鳞虫产生的抗毒素被认为主要包含在细胞内。为了更好地评估对人类，动物和水生生物的健康风险，需要更多有关是否将毒素释放到上层溪流水中的知识。在三个有毒的秋叶微孢子虫（Bahronym Phormidium autumnale）的三股溪流中进行了田间研究。）为主的扩散。在24或26小时的采样期内，每1.5–3小时收集一次样品。分析水样品中的总（细胞内和溶解的）抗毒素，并使用固相吸附跟踪技术（SPATT）收集时间积分的抗毒素样品。在所有溪流水和SPATT样品中均检测到抗毒素（最大0.91 ng mL ^-1和95 ng g ^-1的strat -x hr ^-1）。在两个位点，抗毒素大部分被溶解，而在第三个位点，仅总毒素被检测到。观察到了毒素浓度的时间变化，但是在采样点之间没有明显的模式。线性回归显示出非常弱的统计显着性关系（R ² 水中的总毒素浓度与SPATT的比值 = 0.24，p = 0.002），但是，在每个部位进行测试时，只有三者之一显示出显着的相关性。这些结果突显了人类（如通过饮用水）和秋季支原体增生流中的水生生物长期暴露于抗毒素的潜力。这对健康的影响尚不清楚。