Vaccination using nanocarrier-based delivery systems has recently emerged as a promising approach for meeting the continued challenge posed by infectious diseases and cancer. A diverse portfolio of nanocarriers of various sizes, compositions, and physical parameters have now been developed, and this diversity provides an opportunity for the rational design of vaccines that can mediate targeted delivery of various antigens and adjuvants or immune regulatory agents in ways unachievable with classical vaccination approaches. This flexibility allows control over the characteristics of vaccine-elicited immune responses such that they can be tailored to be effective in circumstances where classical vaccines have failed. Furthermore, the utility of nanocarrier-based immune modulation extends to the treatment of autoimmune disease where precisely targeted inhibition of immune responses is desirable. Clearly, the selection of appropriate nanocarriers, antigens, adjuvants, and other components underpins the efficacy of these nanoimmune interventions. Herein, we provide an overview of currently available nanocarriers of various types and their physical and pharmacological properties with the goal of providing a resource for researchers exploring nanomaterial-based approaches for immune modulation and identify some information gaps and unexplored questions to help guide future investigation.

中文翻译：

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纳米粒子对感染，癌症和自身免疫的免疫刺激。

最近，使用基于纳米载体的递送系统进行疫苗接种已成为一种有前途的方法，可以应对传染病和癌症带来的持续挑战。现已开发出具有各种尺寸，组成和物理参数的纳米载体的多样化产品组合，这种多样性为疫苗的合理设计提供了机会，该疫苗可以介导各种抗原和佐剂或免疫调节剂的靶向传递，而经典方法是无法实现的。疫苗接种方法。这种灵活性允许控制疫苗引发的免疫反应的特征，从而可以对其进行定制以在传统疫苗失效的情况下有效。此外，基于纳米载体的免疫调节的实用性扩展到了自身免疫性疾病的治疗，在这种疾病中，需要精确靶向抑制免疫反应。显然，选择合适的纳米载体，抗原，佐剂和其他成分可增强这些纳米免疫干预的有效性。在此，我们概述了当前可用的各种类型的纳米载体及其物理和药理特性，旨在为研究人员提供资源，以探索基于纳米材料的免疫调节方法，并确定一些信息空白和未探索的问题以帮助指导未来的研究。和其他成分巩固了这些纳米免疫干预措施的效力。在此，我们概述了当前可用的各种类型的纳米载体及其物理和药理特性，旨在为研究人员提供资源，以探索基于纳米材料的免疫调节方法，并识别一些信息空白和未探索的问题，以帮助指导未来的研究。和其他成分巩固了这些纳米免疫干预措施的效力。在此，我们概述了当前可用的各种类型的纳米载体及其物理和药理特性，旨在为研究人员提供资源，以探索基于纳米材料的免疫调节方法，并识别一些信息空白和未探索的问题，以帮助指导未来的研究。