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DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Aminorex Analogues
ACS Chemical Neuroscience ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-09-30 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00415
Julian Maier 1 , Felix P Mayer 1 , Simon D Brandt 2 , Harald H Sitte 1
Affiliation  

Aminorex (5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine) and 4-methylaminorex (4-methyl-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine) are psychostimulants that have long been listed in Schedules IV and I of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. However, a range of psychoactive analogues exist that are not internationally controlled and therefore often classified as new psychoactive substances (NPS). Aminorex analogues encompass failed pharmaceuticals that reemerged as drugs of abuse, and newly synthesized substances that were solely designed for recreational use by clandestine chemists. NPS, sometimes also referred to as “designer drugs” in alignment with a phenomenon arising in the early 1980s, serve as alternatives to controlled drugs. Aminorex and its derivatives interact with monoaminergic neurotransmission by interfering with the function of monoamine transporters. Hence, these compounds share pharmacological and neurochemical similarities with amphetamines and cocaine. The consumption of aminorex, 4-methylaminorex and 4,4′-dimethylaminorex (4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine) has been associated with adverse events including death, bestowing an inglorious fame on aminorex-derived drugs. In this Review, a historical background is presented, as well as an account of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of aminorex and various analogues. Light is shed on their misuse as drug adulterants of well-established drugs on the market. This Review not only provides a detailed overview of an abused substance-class, but also emphasizes the darkest aspect of the NPS market, i.e., deleterious side effects that arise from the ingestion of certain NPS, as knowledge of the pharmacology, the potency, or the identity of the active ingredients remains obscure to NPS users.

中文翻译:


化学神经科学的黑暗经典:Aminorex 类似物



Aminorex(5-苯基-4,5-二氢-1,3-恶唑-2-胺)和 4-methylaminorex(4-甲基-5-苯基-4,5-二氢-1,3-恶唑-2-胺) )是早已列入 1971 年《联合国精神药物公约》附表 IV 和 I 的精神兴奋剂。然而,存在一系列不受国际管制的精神活性类似物,因此通常被归类为新精神活性物质 (NPS)。 Aminorex 类似物包括作为滥用药物重新出现的失败药物,以及专门为秘密化学家设计用于娱乐用途的新合成物质。 NPS 有时也被称为“设计药物”,与 20 世纪 80 年代初出现的一种现象一致,它是受控药物的替代品。 Aminorex 及其衍生物通过干扰单胺转运蛋白的功能与单胺能神经传递相互作用。因此,这些化合物与安非他明和可卡因具有药理学和神经化学相似性。服用aminorex、4-methylaminorex和4,4'-二甲aminorex(4-甲基-5-(4-甲基苯基)-4,5-二氢-1,3-恶唑-2-胺)与不良事件有关包括死亡,给氨基雷克斯衍生药物带来了不光彩的名声。在这篇综述中,介绍了历史背景,以及对aminorex和各种类似物的药效学和药代动力学特性的说明。它们被滥用为市场上成熟药物的药物掺假品。这篇评论不仅提供了滥用物质类别的详细概述,而且还强调了 NPS 市场最黑暗的一面,即因摄入某些 NPS 而产生的有害副作用,因为 NPS 使用者对活性成分的药理学、效力或特性仍然不清楚。
更新日期:2018-09-30
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