The interactions of adherent cells with their insoluble extracellular matrices are complex and challenging to study in the laboratory. Approaches from interface science have been important to preparing models of the biological matrix wherein discreet ligands are immobilized and interact with cellular receptors. A recent theme has been to develop dynamic substrates, where the activities of immobilized ligands can be modulated in real-time during cell culture. This short opinion reviews the strategies to manipulate ligand activity, highlights recent work that has advanced the field and discusses the applications that have been enabled. This work suggests that dynamic substrates will continue to find important uses in basic and applied biointerfaces.

贴壁细胞与其不溶性细胞外基质的相互作用非常复杂，在实验室中研究具有挑战性。界面科学的方法对于制备生物基质模型非常重要，其中离散配体被固定并与细胞受体相互作用。最近的一个主题是开发动态基质，其中固定配体的活性可以在细胞培养过程中实时调节。这篇简短的意见回顾了操纵配体活性的策略，重点介绍了该领域的最新工作，并讨论了已实现的应用。这项工作表明动态基质将继续在基础和应用生物界面中找到重要用途。