The use of non-testing strategies like read-across in the hazard assessment of chemicals and nanomaterials (NMs) is deemed essential to perform the safety assessment of all NMs in due time and at lower costs. The identification of physicochemical (PC) properties affecting the hazard potential of NMs is crucial, as it could enable to predict impacts from similar NMs and outcomes of similar assays, reducing the need for experimental (and in particular animal) testing. This manuscript presents a review of approaches and available case studies on the grouping of NMs to read-across hazard endpoints. We include in this review grouping frameworks aimed at identifying hazard classes depending on PC properties, hazard classification modules in control banding (CB) approaches, and computational methods that can be used for grouping for read-across. The existing frameworks and case studies are systematically reported. Relevant nanospecific PC properties taken into account in the reviewed frameworks to support grouping are shape and surface properties (surface chemistry or reactivity) and hazard classes are identified on the basis of biopersistence, morphology, reactivity, and solubility.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料的分组以跨危险的终点：综述

在化学品和纳米材料（NMs）危害评估中，使用非重复阅读等非测试策略被认为对于在适当的时间以较低的成本进行所有NM的安全性评估至关重要。鉴定影响NM潜在危害的物理化学（PC）特性至关重要，因为它可以预测相似NM的影响和相似测定的结果，从而减少了对实验（尤其是动物）测试的需求。这份手稿介绍了有关将NM分组到各种危险终点的方法和可用案例研究的综述。在这篇综述中，我们包括旨在根据PC属性，控制带（CB）方法中的危险分类模块以及可用于交叉阅读分组的计算方法来识别危险类别的分组框架。现有框架和案例研究得到了系统的报道。在审查的框架中为支持分组而考虑的相关纳米特异性PC特性包括形状和表面特性（表面化学或反应性），并根据生物持久性，形态，反应性和溶解性确定了危害类别。