In order to assess the impact of nanoplastics on marine species, polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) have been largely used as model particles. Here we studied the effects of 50 nm amino-modified PS-NH₂ on Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus immune system cells (coelomocytes) in the presence of celomic fluid (CF) and at different NP concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg mL⁻¹) and experimental conditions (absence or presence of EDTA). PS-NH₂ acquired a protein corona once incubated with CF, dominated by the toposome precursor protein (TPP). In short-term cultures, a significant concentration- and time-dependent decrease in lysosomal membrane stability and apoptotic-like nuclear alterations were observed in phagocytes upon exposure to PS-NH₂ (10 and 25 µg mL⁻¹) in CF but they resulted abolished in the presence of EDTA confirming the role of TPP in triggering PS-NH₂-coelomocytes interaction and toxicity. PS-NH₂ did not alter MXR phenotype but the observed dose-dependent decrease in calcein accumulation suggests the ability of PS-NH₂ to affect pump’s efflux activity. Overall results encourage additional studies on positively charged nanoplastics, since the observed effects on sea urchin coelomocytes as well as the TPP corona formation might represent a first step for addressing their impact on sensitive marine species.

中文翻译：

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阳离子聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒和海胆免疫系统：生物电晕形成，细胞毒性和多异生物抗性表型

为了评估纳米塑料对海洋物种的影响，聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒（PS NP）已被广泛用作模型颗粒。在这里，我们研究了在存在体温液体（CF）和不同NP浓度（1、5、10和25）下，50 nm氨基修饰的PS-NH ₂对地中海海胆Paracentrotus lividus免疫系统细胞（结肠细胞）的影响μgmL ^-1）和实验条件（不存在或存在EDTA）。PS-NH ₂一旦与CF一起孵育，就获得了一个蛋白冠，该蛋白冠是由先质蛋白（TPP）占据主导地位的。在短期培养中，吞噬细胞暴露于CF中的PS-NH ₂（10和25 µg mL ^-1）后，吞噬细胞中溶酶体膜稳定性和凋亡样核改变显着浓度和时间依赖性降低，但它们导致了在EDTA的存在下被废除，这证实了TPP在触发PS-NH _2-粒细胞相互作用和毒性中的作用。PS-NH ₂并没有改变MXR表型，但观察到的钙黄绿素积累的剂量依赖性下降表明PS-NH ₂的能力影响泵的外排活动。总体结果鼓励对带正电荷的纳米塑料进行更多的研究，因为观察到的对海胆腔内皮细胞以及TPP电晕形成的影响可能代表着解决其对敏感海洋物种影响的第一步。