Abstract The alkyl ferulate esters were prepared through lipase-catalyzed reactions by using green deep eutectic solvent-water binary mixtures. Antibacterial effects screening of alkyl ferulate esters against Listeria monocytogenes demonstrated that hexyl ferulate (FAC6) exerted both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Listeria monocytogenes (minimum inhibitory concentration: 0.1 mM, minimum bactericidal concentration: 0.2 mM). The antibacterial mechanism of FAC6 were further investigated to provide more information on practical applications as a multi-functional food additive. The growth curves and time-kill assay also showed the occurrence of cell lysis and significant inhibition of the growth of L. monocytogenes caused by FAC6. PI uptake analysis and massive leakage of cell constituents (K+, proteins and nucleotide) demonstrated that the membrane integrity and permeability were undermined by FAC6. Alterations in morphology and membrane hyperpolarization of L. monocytogenes cells treated with FAC6 further clearly confirmed that it disrupted the cell membrane. Meanwhile, FAC6 interacted with membrane proteins and affected the protein expression system, causing a significant change in contents, constitution and conformation of membrane proteins. Moreover, FAC6 could bind to L. monocytogenes DNA grooves to form complexes. Overall, this research highlights the effectiveness of FAC6 against L. monocytogenes, suggesting that FAC6 with both antioxidant and antibacterial activities can be used as an effective and safe multifunctional food additive for American (Amer) sturgeon caviar preservation.

中文翻译：

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多功能阿魏酸烷基酯作为潜在的食品添加剂：对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的抗菌活性和作用方式及其在美洲鲟鱼子酱保鲜中的应用

摘要 采用绿色低共熔溶剂-水二元混合物，通过脂肪酶催化反应制备阿魏酸烷基酯。阿魏酸烷基酯对单核细胞增生李斯特菌的抗菌作用筛选表明，阿魏酸己酯 (FAC6) 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌具有抑菌和杀菌作用（最低抑菌浓度：0.1 mM，最低杀菌浓度：0.2 mM）。进一步研究了 FAC6 的抗菌机制，为作为多功能食品添加剂的实际应用提供更多信息。生长曲线和时间-杀伤测定还显示细胞裂解的发生和由FAC6引起的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的生长的显着抑制。PI 摄取分析和细胞成分（K+、蛋白质和核苷酸）表明 FAC6 破坏了膜的完整性和渗透性。用 FAC6 处理的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌细胞形态和膜超极化的改变进一步清楚地证实它破坏了细胞膜。同时，FAC6与膜蛋白相互作用，影响蛋白表达系统，使膜蛋白的含量、组成和构象发生显着变化。此外，FAC6 可以与单核细胞增生李斯特菌 DNA 凹槽结合形成复合物。总体而言，这项研究突出了 FAC6 对单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的有效性，表明具有抗氧化和抗菌活性的 FAC6 可用作美国 (Amer) 鲟鱼子酱保存的有效且安全的多功能食品添加剂。