Gold nanoparticle layers (GNPLs) refer to a kind of nanostructured surfaces with immobilized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) at high density on a substrate. These materials not only exhibit excellent properties similar to those of free GNPs, such as good biocompatibility, large surface area, high electron transfer capability, unique photothermal properties, and convenient chemical and biological modification, but also have unique two-dimensional surface topography, making them suitable as nanostructured platforms. These properties account for the increasing applications of GNPLs in biology and medical science in recent years. In this review, we first briefly introduce several fabrication methods for GNPLs, including electrodeposition, chemical plating, spin coating, layer-by-layer deposition and patterned GNPLs. We then discuss biological applications of GNPLs, including in surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)- and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based bioassays, as electrodes modified with GNPLs for electrochemical biosensing, and as platforms for investigation of the interactions between cells and nanostructured surfaces. Surfaces with photothermal effects based on GNPLs for intracellular macromolecule delivery and antibacterial applications are also discussed. Finally, several challenges regarding research on GNPLs are presented, such as the development of fabrication methods that are capable of precisely controlling the hierarchical structure and further investigation of the influence of the roughness/topography on cellular behavior. It is our hope that through this review, researchers may gain a deeper understanding of GNPLs and become involved in their investigation.

中文翻译：

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金纳米颗粒层：适用于生物医学应用的多功能纳米结构平台

金纳米颗粒层（GNPL）是指一种具有高密度固定在基底上的金纳米颗粒（GNP）的纳米结构表面。这些材料不仅具有与游离GNP相似的优异性能，例如良好的生物相容性，大表面积，高电子转移能力，独特的光热性能以及便捷的化学和生物修饰，而且还具有独特的二维表面形貌，使得它们适合作为纳米结构平台。这些特性说明了近年来GNPL在生物学和医学领域中的日益增长的应用。在本文中，我们首先简要介绍了几种GNPL的制造方法，包括电沉积，化学镀，旋涂，逐层沉积和图案化GNPL。然后，我们将讨论GNPL的生物学应用，包括在基于表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）和基于酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）的生物测定中，作为用GNPL修饰的电极进行电化学生物传感以及作为研究细胞与细胞之间相互作用的平台纳米结构的表面。还讨论了基于GNPL的具有光热效应的表面，可用于细胞内大分子递送和抗菌应用。最后，提出了有关GNPL研究的一些挑战，例如能够精确控制分层结构的制造方法的发展以及对粗糙度/形貌对细胞行为的影响的进一步研究。我们希望通过这次审查，