Abstract Opencast mining operations frequently lead to the creation of large voids that become anthropogenic lakes when the water table recovers. In the case of sulfide mining the stored water is of an acidic nature with significant concentrations of toxic metals and, therefore, a high pollutant potential. The main goal of the present work is to characterize the hydrological functioning and evolution of four acidic mine pit lakes in the abandoned mines of Tharsis, which is the second most important mine district in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). We present a simple methodology based on the use of the available orthophotographs and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) together with the water balance of the pit lakes, which could be applied to other abandoned mining sites, where there is often a lack of hydrogeological information that prevents the application of more complex models. The accumulation of large volumes (5.2 × 10 6 m 3 ) of acidic and metal-rich waters in these pit lakes poses a serious environmental concern, with dissolved concentrations up to 2000 mg/L of Fe, 223 mg/L of Al, etc. Sierra Bullones and Filon Norte are connected underground and present the same evolution, with water transfers from Sierra Bullones to Filon Norte. The water level in both pit lakes is increasing, with an average rise of 2.8 m/yr since the beginning of flooding. However, the increase in the evaporation rate, as a result of the larger flooded area as the water level rise, would induce a hydrological equilibrium before reaching the overflow level, leading to the formation of a terminal lake. On the other hand, the water level in Filon Centro and Filon Sur pit lakes remain approximately stable. The first behaves as a flow-through or terminal lake, depending on the annual rainfall, while the second acts permanently as a flow-through lake.

中文翻译：

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伊比利亚黄铁矿带Tharsis矿山酸性坑湖洪水位的水文特征及预测

摘要 露天采矿作业经常导致大空隙的产生，当地下水位恢复时，这些空隙成为人为湖泊。在硫化物开采的情况下，储存的水是酸性的，有毒金属浓度很高，因此具有很高的污染潜力。目前工作的主要目标是描述 Tharsis 废弃矿山中四个酸性矿坑湖的水文功能和演化特征，Tharsis 是伊比利亚黄铁矿带 (IPB) 中第二重要的矿区。我们提出了一种基于使用可用正射影像和数字地形模型 (DTM) 以及坑湖的水平衡的简单方法，该方法可应用于其他废弃的采矿场，经常缺乏水文地质信息，无法应用更复杂的模型。这些坑湖中大量 (5.2 × 10 6 m 3 ) 酸性和富含金属的水的积累造成了严重的环境问题，溶解浓度高达 2000 毫克/升的铁、223 毫克/升的铝等. Sierra Bullones 和 Filon Norte 连接在地下并呈现相同的演变，从 Sierra Bullones 到 Filon Norte 的水转移。两个坑湖的水位都在上升，自洪水开始以来平均上升了 2.8 m/年。但是，随着水位上升，淹没面积扩大，蒸发率增加，在达到溢流水位之前会引起水文平衡，从而形成终湖。另一方面，Filon Centro 和 Filon Sur pit 湖的水位基本保持稳定。根据年降雨量，第一个湖表现为流水湖或终点湖，而第二个湖则永久作为流水湖。