AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are promising building blocks for sensors due to their unique physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties. This review (with 253 references) first summarizes the historical developments of 2D nanomaterials and discusses the advantages of 2D nanomaterials when applied for constructing sensors. Next, their properties are discussed, with subsections on electronic, optical, mechanical and chemical properties. This is followed by an overview on methods for syntheses and the effects of positive and/or negative charges on the properties and in sensing applications. Then, recent advances in 2D nanomaterial-based electrochemical, fluorometric, colorimetric, electrochemiluminescent, photoelectrochemical, and field-effect transistor sensors are discussed. The discussion also includes the preparation of sensing elements, the roles of such nanomaterials, and assay strategies. Finally, on the basis of the current achievements in the field of 2D nanomaterials, the perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the exploration of 2D nanomaterial-based sensors are put forward. Graphical Abstractᅟ

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基于二维纳米材料的重金属离子传感器

摘要 二维 (2D) 纳米材料由于其独特的物理、化学、电子和光学特性而成为很有前途的传感器构建块。这篇综述（有 253 篇参考文献）首先总结了二维纳米材料的历史发展，并讨论了二维纳米材料在应用于构建传感器时的优势。接下来，讨论了它们的特性，包括关于电子、光学、机械和化学特性的小节。随后概述了合成方法以及正电荷和/或负电荷对特性和传感应用的影响。然后，讨论了基于二维纳米材料的电化学、荧光、比色、电化学发光、光电化学和场效应晶体管传感器的最新进展。讨论还包括传感元件的制备、此类纳米材料的作用以及分析策略。最后，在目前二维纳米材料领域取得的成果的基础上，提出了基于二维纳米材料传感器探索的挑战和机遇的展望。图形摘要ᅟ