In areas where malaria epidemiology is spatially and temporally heterogeneous, human-mediated parasite importation can result in non-locally acquired clinical cases and outbreaks in low-transmission areas. Using mobility estimates derived from the mobile phone data and spatial malaria prevalence data, we identify travel routes relevant to malaria transmission in Madagascar. We find that the primary hubs of parasite importation are in a spatially connected area of the central highlands. Surprisingly, sources of these imported infections are not spatially clustered. We then related these source locations directly to clinical cases in the low-transmission area of the capital. We find that in the capital, a major sink, the primary sources of infection are along the more populated coastal areas, although these sources are seasonally variable. Our results have implications for targeting interventions at source locations to achieve local or national malaria control goals.

中文翻译：

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估计马达加斯加的疟原虫来源和汇。

在疟疾流行病学在空间和时间上不均一的地区，人类介导的寄生虫进口可导致非本地获得的临床病例和低传播地区的暴发。使用从手机数据和空间疟疾流行数据得出的移动性估算，我们确定了与马达加斯加疟疾传播相关的旅行路线。我们发现，寄生虫输入的主要枢纽位于中央高地的空间相连区域。令人惊讶的是，这些外来感染的来源并未在空间上聚类。然后，我们将这些来源位置直接与首都低透射率地区的临床病例相关联。我们发现，在首都（一个主要的汇），主要的传染源是沿人口稠密的沿海地区，尽管这些来源随季节而变。