Understanding the behavior of proteins at material interfaces has become increasingly important as the intersection between the biological and synthetic worlds continues to grow. By inducing changes in protein structure, interactions with materials may lead to a loss of function and/or biological activity, as well as undesirable cellular interactions in vivo, including the foreign body reaction to implantable materials. Despite extensive research, the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to protein conformational changes on surfaces remains incomplete. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding and controlling protein conformation on the surface of synthetic materials, including nanomaterials, polymer films and brushes, metal coatings and particles, and graphitic materials. We also review developments in the use of biophysical and computational methods for characterizing the structure of proteins at solution-solid interfaces. These approaches have provided important new insights into the physico-chemical factors that control protein conformation in near-surface environments, which represents a critical step towards the rational design of biotic-abiotic interfaces in biomedical and biotechnological applications.

随着生物和合成世界之间交集的不断增长，了解蛋白质在材料界面上的行为已变得越来越重要。通过诱导蛋白质结构的变化，与材料的相互作用可能导致功能和/或生物学活性的丧失，以及体内不良的细胞相互作用，包括异物对可植入材料的反应。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但对导致表面蛋白质构象变化的机理的理解仍然不完整。在这里，我们重点介绍了在理解和控制合成材料表面的蛋白质构象方面的最新进展，这些材料包括纳米材料，聚合物膜和刷子，金属涂层和颗粒以及石墨材料。我们还回顾了使用生物物理和计算方法表征溶液-固体界面蛋白质结构的进展。这些方法为控制近地表环境中蛋白质构象的物理化学因素提供了重要的新见解，