Industrialization and urbanization have produced a large amount of wastewater. Part of the municipal wastewater has been used as an irrigation source in urban/suburban areas. Its utilization, although economically beneficial, can significantly deteriorate the integrity of the ecological systems (e.g., in terms of quality of soil and resulting food products). The objectives of this study are to investigate the spatial distribution and bio-accumulation of heavy metals (e.g., Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in food crops (and topsoil) and associated health risks of their consumption in the area of Mangla Dam, Pakistan. To this end, studies were conducted to assess the risk factors such as the bioconcentration factor (BCF), health risk index (HRI), and daily intake of heavy metals (DIM). Accordingly, there was more contamination in Mangla Dam water irrigated zone (DWI) than in the groundwater irrigated zone (GWI). Co exhibited the maximum BCF of 7.45 for Eruca sativa and 6.61 for Brassica campestris in the GWI zone. Likewise, enhanced risk to human health was seen from of Cd, Cr, and Pb in Triticum aestivum and Eruca sativa grown in the DWI zone. It is recommended that the quality profile of wastewater discharge into freshwater ecosystems should be continuously monitored and regulated.

工业化和城市化产生了大量废水。在城市/郊区，部分市政废水被用作灌溉源。它的利用虽然在经济上是有益的，但会大大恶化生态系统的完整性（例如，就土壤和所产生的食品的质量而言）。这项研究的目的是调查粮食作物（和表土）中重金属（例如Cd，Co，Cr，Cu，Mn，Ni，Pb和Zn）的空间分布和生物富集以及与之相关的健康风险。他们在巴基斯坦芒格拉大坝地区的消费。为此，进行了研究以评估风险因素，例如生物浓缩因子（BCF），健康风险指数（HRI）和每日重金属摄入量（DIM）。因此，芒格拉大坝水灌溉区（DWI）的污染要多于地下水灌溉区（GWI）。Co的最大BCF为7.45GWI区的芸苔属油菜（Eruca sativa）和油菜（Brassica campestris）的6.61 。同样，在DWI区种植的普通小麦和紫草中的Cd，Cr和Pb也增加了对人类健康的风险。建议对连续排放到淡水生态系统中的废水的质量状况进行监测和监管。