In the present study, urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels were reported for the first time in the Slovenian general population and were evaluated with regard to dietary and non-dietary exposure sources, and compared according to age, gender and area of residence. First morning urine was collected from children (6–11 years), their mothers (30–52 years) and fathers (30–53 years), living in urban and rural areas of Slovenia. Besides basic questionnaire data on general population characteristics, socio-economic status and dietary habits, BPA-specific data was also collected, including consumption of food and beverages from plastic and canned containers, presence of white dental fillings, the use of specific consumer products and hormonal treatments. Urine samples were analysed for both free and conjugated BPA using GC-MS/MS. The urinary levels of total BPA in children, mothers and fathers were low, with geometric means of 1.51, 0.79, and 0.20 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The levels were comparable with the levels reported for other European countries and were all below the current health-based guidance values. In line with large-scale surveys, the data revealed age-dependant BPA urinary levels, with the highest levels in the youngest age group. In mothers, urinary levels of BPA were determined by hormonal interactions more than dietary sources, while a positive association between urinary BPA and diet was apparent in children (canned food/drink and food from plastic material) and fathers (canned food/drink). The study clearly shows that physiological and behavioural differences account for differences in levels of urinary BPA among study groups, a finding that sets the priorities for future research.

在本研究中，首次在斯洛文尼亚普通人群中报告了尿中双酚A（BPA）的水平，并对饮食中和非饮食中的暴露源进行了评估，并根据年龄，性别和居住地区进行了比较。第一天早晨从居住在斯洛文尼亚城乡地区的儿童（6-11岁），母亲（30-52岁）和父亲（30-53岁）收集尿液。除了有关总体人口特征，社会经济状况和饮食习惯的基本调查表数据之外，还收集了BPA特定数据，包括塑料和罐头食品和饮料的消费，白色牙科填充物的存在，特定消费产品的使用以及激素治疗。使用GC-MS / MS分析尿液样品中的游离BPA和结合BPA。儿童，母亲和父亲的尿液中总BPA较低，几何平均值分别为1.51、0.79和0.20μg/ g肌酐。该水平与其他欧洲国家报告的水平相当，均低于当前基于健康的指导值。与大规模调查一致，数据显示了年龄相关的BPA尿液水平，在年轻年龄组中尿液水平最高。在母亲中，尿液中双酚A的含量更多地是通过激素相互作用来决定的，而不仅仅是饮食来源，而儿童（罐头食品/饮料和塑料食品）和父亲（罐头食品/饮料）的尿液BPA与饮食之间存在明显的正相关关系。该研究清楚地表明，生理和行为差异是研究组之间尿液BPA水平差异的原因，