The social heuristic hypothesis posits that human cooperation is an intuitive response that is expressed especially under conditions of time-constraint. Conversely, it proposes that for individuals given an opportunity for reflection, cooperation is more likely to be curtailed by an optimizing process calibrated to maximize individual benefit in a given situation. Notably, the steroid hormone testosterone has also been implicated in intuitive decision-making, including both prosocial and anti-social behaviors, with effects strongest in men with particular dispositional characteristics. This raises the possibility that increased testosterone may augment the effects predicted by the social heuristic hypothesis, particularly among men higher in specific dispositional characteristics (dominance, impulsivity, independent self-construal: high risk for testosterone-induced antisocial behavior). Here, in a testosterone administration study with a relatively large sample of men (N = 400), we test this possibility in a double-blind, placebo-controlled paradigm, with men randomly assigned to play a one-shot public goods game either under time-pressure (forced intuition) or with a time delay (forced reflection). Results revealed that within the placebo group, time-pressure (versus forced delay) increased cooperation among low risk men, but decreased cooperation among high risk men. Testosterone further moderated this pattern by abolishing the time-pressure effect in low risk men and-in high risk men-reversing the effect by selectively reducing offers (compared to placebo) under forced delay. This is the first evidence that testosterone and personality can interact with time-pressure and delay to predict human cooperation.

中文翻译：

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外源睾酮对合作的影响取决于个性和时间压力。

社会启发式假设认为，人类合作是一种直觉反应，尤其是在时间限制的条件下表现出来。相反，它提出，对于有反思机会的个人来说，在特定情况下为最大化个人利益而校准的优化过程更有可能限制合作。值得注意的是，类固醇激素睾酮也与直觉决策有关，包括亲社会和反社会行为，对具有特定性格特征的男性影响最强。这提出了一种可能性，即增加的睾酮可能会增强社会启发假说所预测的效果，特别是在特定性格特征较高的男性中（支配性、冲动、独立的自我认知：睾酮引起的反社会行为的高风险）。在这里，在一项针对相对较大的男性样本（N = 400）的睾酮管理研究中，我们在双盲、安慰剂对照范式中测试了这种可能性，其中男性被随机分配玩一次性公共物品游戏，或者在时间压力（强迫直觉）或时间延迟（强迫反射）。结果显示，在安慰剂组中，时间压力（相对于强制延迟）增加了低风险男性的合作，但降低了高风险男性的合作。睾酮通过消除低风险男性和高风险男性的时间压力效应，进一步缓和了这种模式，在强制延迟的情况下，通过选择性减少报价（与安慰剂相比）来逆转这种影响。这是睾丸激素和性格可以与时间压力和延迟相互作用以预测人类合作的第一个证据。