Ocean warming and acidification could represent an additional threat to marine organisms already coping with other anthropogenic impacts, such as chemical contamination in coastal areas. In this study, interactions between such multiple stressors and their synergistic effects in terms of accumulation, detoxification and biological effects of metals were investigated in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Organisms sampled during the winter period were exposed for 28 days to different combinations of two temperatures (10 °C and 15 °C), two pH/pCO₂ (8.20/∼400μatm and 7.4/∼3000μatm) and two cadmium concentrations (0 and 20 μg/L). Cadmium concentrations increased in digestive glands and gills of metal-exposed mussels and were further enhanced by co-exposure at higher temperature. Interactive effects of temperature and/or pH were observed on Cd-mediated metallothionein induction, responsiveness of antioxidant system and onset of oxidative damages in lipids, with tissue-specific effects. Immunological effects showed a generalized sensitivity of lysosomal membrane stability toward the investigated stressors with major effects in co-exposed organisms. Cadmium and temperature affected phagocytosis efficiency and composition of haemocyte populations probably influencing the micronucleus frequency through varied mitotic rate. Several differences were highlighted between these results and those previously obtained from mussels exposed in summer, supporting the importance of season when addressing the tolerance of temperate organisms to variations of environmental factors. The elaboration of the whole biomarker results through weighted criteria allowed to summarize specific hazard indices, highlighting tissue-specific sensitivity toward multiple stressors and the need of improving the knowledge on interactions between multiple stressors.

海洋变暖和酸化可能对已经应对其他人为影响的海洋生物构成另外的威胁，例如沿海地区的化学污染。在这项研究中，在地中海贻贝Mytilus galloprovincialis中研究了这种多种应激源之间的相互作用及其在金属的累积，解毒和生物学效应方面的协同作用。将冬季采样的有机物暴露于两种温度（10°C和15°C），两种pH / p CO _2的不同组合下28天（8.20 /〜400μatm和7.4 /〜3000μatm）和两种镉浓度（0和20μg/ L）。消化腺和ill暴露于金属的贻贝中的镉浓度增加，并且在较高温度下共同暴露会进一步提高镉浓度。观察到温度和/或pH的交互作用对Cd介导的金属硫蛋白的诱导，抗氧化系统的响应性和脂质中氧化损伤的发作，具有组织特异性作用。免疫学效应显示溶酶体膜稳定性对所研究的应激源具有普遍敏感性，在共暴露生物中具有重大影响。镉和温度影响吞噬作用的效率和血红细胞种群的组成，可能通过变化的有丝分裂率影响微核的频率。这些结果与先前从夏季暴露的贻贝获得的结果之间突出了一些差异，这在应对温带生物体对环境因素变化的耐受性时支持了季节的重要性。通过加权标准对整个生物标志物的详细阐述，可以总结特定的危害指数，突出了组织对多种应激源的特异性敏感性，以及需要提高多种应激源之间相互作用的知识的需要。