Three Iberian mountain ranges encompassed glaciers during the Little Ice Age (LIA): the Pyrenees, Cantabrian Mountains, and Sierra Nevada. The gradual warming trend initiated during the second half of the 19th century promoted the progressive shrinking of these glaciers, which completely melted during the first half of the 20th century in the Cantabrian mountains and Sierra Nevada and reduced by 80% of their LIA extent in the Pyrenees. In these formerly glaciated environments, the transition between glacial and periglacial conditions results in an accelerated paraglacial readjustment, with very active geomorphic processes. Cirque walls generate a large amount of sediments through rock‐falls and slides. LIA moraines, devoid of vegetation and composed of highly unstable sediments, are being intensely mobilized by slope processes. Inside the moraines, the shrinking of LIA glaciers favoured the development of buried ice patches, with permafrost‐related landforms, small periglacial features generated by solifluction, and cryoturbation processes and remarkable hydrological changes. Present‐day morphodynamics is mostly related to seasonal frost, though patches of permafrost have formed in contact with the buried ice, undergoing a process of degradation because it is not balanced with present‐day climate. This is reflected in the occurrence of multiple collapses and subsidence of the debris cover where the frozen bodies sit. Next to the small glaciated environments in the highest Pyrenean massifs, there is a permafrost belt undergoing also rapid geomorphic changes. Based on the observed processes, we discuss spatio‐temporal patterns of paraglacial readjustment in Iberian mountains and compare it with other midlatitude mountain environments.

中文翻译：

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小伊比利亚高山冰河时代后冰期过程和地貌：综述

小冰河时期（LIA）的三个伊比利亚山脉包括冰川：比利牛斯山脉，坎塔布连山脉和内华达山脉。在19世纪下半叶开始的逐渐变暖趋势促进了这些冰川的逐渐萎缩，这些冰川在20世纪上半叶在坎塔布连山脉和内华达山脉完全融化，并减少了他们LIA范围的80％。比利牛斯山脉。在这些以前的冰川环境中，冰川和周冰条件之间的转换导致了加速的副冰川调整，并具有非常活跃的地貌过程。圆盘壁通过落石和滑坡产生大量沉积物。LIA植被缺乏植被，由高度不稳定的沉积物组成，正被斜坡过程动员。在mo里，LIA冰川的萎缩有利于埋藏冰块的发展，具有永久冻土相关的地貌，固溶作用产生的小冰缘特征，低温扰动过程和显着的水文变化。今天的地貌动力学主要与季节性霜冻有关，尽管多年冻土层与埋藏的冰接触形成了，但由于与当前气候不平衡而经历了退化过程。这反映在冷冻体所在的地方多处坍塌和碎屑覆盖下陷。在比利牛斯山山顶最高的小冰川环境旁边，有一条永久冻土带，它也在经历快速的地貌变化。根据观察到的过程，