With growing calls to scale up reforestation efforts worldwide, conservation managers increasingly must decide whether and how to restore highly altered ecosystems. However, empirical research on potential trade‐offs remains scarce. We use a Hawai'i watershed to demonstrate a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach to identifying synergies and trade‐offs associated with maintaining an unrestored forest, versus restoration to a historical or hybrid (native and non‐native plant species) state. We focused on restoration scenarios designed by conservation managers and measured ecological, hydrologic, and cultural outcomes they identified as important metrics of success. The hybrid restoration scenario maximized potential outcomes at moderate cost, and increased two rarely measured but often critical metrics to managers and communities: cultural value and resilience to disturbance. Hybrid restoration approaches developed collaboratively can provide a viable option for scaling up restoration in island ecosystems and other contexts where invasive species pose significant challenges and/or where community support is important.

中文翻译：

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恢复未来：高度修改的生态系统的历史恢复与混合恢复之间的环境，文化和管理权衡

随着在全球范围内扩大造林工作的呼声越来越高，保护管理人员越来越必须决定是否以及如何恢复高度变化的生态系统。但是，关于潜在折衷的实证研究仍然很少。我们使用夏威夷流域来演示一种协作，跨学科的方法，以确定与维持未复原森林有关的协同作用和取舍，而不是恢复到历史或杂种（本地和非本地植物物种）状态。我们专注于保护经理设计的恢复方案，并测量他们认为是成功的重要指标的生态，水文和文化成果。混合恢复方案以适中的成本最大程度地提高了潜在结果，并增加了两个对管理人员和社区而言很少测量但往往很关键的指标：文化价值和抗干扰能力。协作开发的混合恢复方法可以为在岛屿生态系统和其他入侵物种构成重大挑战和/或社区支持很重要的环境中扩大恢复提供可行的选择。