Abstract Oklahoma experienced three earthquakes of Mw5.0 or greater in 2016: the 13-Feb. Fairview earthquake (Mw5.1), the 03-Sep. Pawnee earthquake (Mw5.8), and the 07-Nov. Cushing earthquake (Mw5.0). These events are the first earthquakes in the state exceeding Mw5.0 since the 2011 Mw5.7 Prague earthquake and likely result from wide-scale deep fluid-injection. We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations to quantify the magnitude and location of surface deformation associated with these three events, determine the depth ranges of fault slip, and assess the spatial relationship between fault slip and well-calibrated mainshock and aftershock locations. We also include newly reported, calibrated event locations for the Cushing earthquake. We find that the Pawnee earthquake ruptured within the crystalline basement with the shallowest slip occurring at depths of 3.1–4.3 km. We find a similar, though shallower, crystalline basement source for the Cushing earthquake with a minimum depth to slip of 1.6–2.3 km. Despite the smaller magnitude of the Cushing earthquake, it generated anomalously high ground motions and damage compared to the larger Pawnee and Fairview earthquakes. We postulate that the shallow source of the Cushing earthquakes provides one explanation for the higher than expected ground motions. The Fairview earthquake generated no detectable co-seismic displacements, which is consistent with a relatively deep earthquake source (~8.5 km). We do, however, identify a 16 km stretch of floodplain where widespread liquefaction occurred in response to the Fairview earthquake, and where 30 gas production wells were exposed to surface displacements exceeding 5 cm. Consequently, the depth to crystalline basement, which limits the depth of injection-induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, and the potential for liquefaction are important factors in assessing shaking risk in the central United States.

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美国俄克拉荷马州的诱发地震和液化危害：来自 InSAR 的约束

摘要 俄克拉荷马州在 2016 年经历了 3 次 Mw5.0 或更高级别的地震：2016 年 2 月 13 日。锦绣地震（Mw5.1），03-9月。波尼地震 (Mw5.8) 和 07-Nov. 库欣地震（Mw5.0）。这些事件是该州自 2011 年 Mw5.7 布拉格地震以来首次超过 Mw5.0 的地震，可能是由大范围深部流体注入引起的。我们使用干涉合成孔径雷达 (InSAR) 观测来量化与这三个事件相关的地表变形的幅度和位置，确定断层滑动的深度范围，并评估断层滑动与经过良好校准的主震和余震位置之间的空间关系。我们还包括新报告的、校准的库欣地震事件位置。我们发现波尼地震在结晶基底内破裂，最浅的滑动发生在 3.1-4.3 公里的深度。我们为库欣地震发现了一个类似但较浅的结晶基底源，其最小滑动深度为 1.6-2.3 公里。尽管库欣地震的震级较小，但与较大的波尼和费尔维尤地震相比，它产生了异常高的地面运动和破坏。我们假设库欣地震的浅源为高于预期的地面运动提供了一种解释。Fairview 地震没有产生可检测的同震位移，这与相对较深的地震源（~8.5 公里）一致。然而，我们确实确定了一段 16 公里长的洪泛区，在那里发生了广泛的液化，以应对 Fairview 地震，30 口采气井暴露于超过 5 cm 的地表位移。因此，限制了俄克拉荷马州注入诱发地震深度的结晶基底深度以及液化的可能性是评估美国中部地震风险的重要因素。