Fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate is typically used for state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) is better due to higher transparency for a given conductivity, although it has lower tolerance to high-temperature processes required for the compact and mesoporous TiO₂ layers. Here we overcome this challenge by developing and utilizing a new electrode design. We successfully demonstrate high-efficiency mesoscopic PSCs on annealed ITO substrates showing improved photocurrent without sacrificing fill factor. After further optimizations of cell geometry and substrate conductivity guided by simulation, a certified 19.63% efficiency is achieved on 1 cm² for ITO-based mesoscopic PSC, which is the highest among PSCs prepared by gas quenching. This work is useful for providing design principles and methods for optimizing cell geometry, metal electrode design, and substrate conductivity requirements for large-area PSCs.

氟掺杂的氧化锡玻璃基板通常用于最先进的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）。然而，尽管对于致密且介孔的TiO ₂层所需的高温工艺具有较低的耐受性，但由于对于给定的导电性而言，掺杂铟的氧化锡（ITO）更好，这是因为其具有较低的耐受性。在这里，我们通过开发和利用新的电极设计克服了这一挑战。我们成功地证明了在经退火的ITO基板上的高效介观PSC，在不牺牲填充因子的情况下显示了改善的光电流。在通过仿真进一步优化单元的几何形状和基材电导率之后，在1 cm ²上达到了19.63％的认证效率基于ITO的介观PSC，在气体淬火制备的PSC中是最高的。这项工作对于提供用于优化大面积PSC的电池几何形状，金属电极设计和基板电导率要求的设计原理和方法很有用。