Ladder-type heteroacenes with well-defined structures and highly planar and delocalized π-electrons are an important class of materials for potential applications in organic electronics. The incorporation of heteroatoms into the ladder backbone allows for tuning optical-electronic properties and crystal structures in the solid state. Significant progress in synthesis and physical studies of a number of fascinating ladder molecules has been achieved. This review discusses progression in synthetic methods, structural characterization, and applications of ladder-type heteroacenes.

中文翻译：

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高阶π共轭杂并酮的合成及功能探索

具有明确结构，高度平面化和离域化π电子的阶梯型杂苯是有机电子领域潜在应用的重要一类材料。将杂原子结合到梯形主链中可以调节固态的光电子性质和晶体结构。在许多引人入胜的梯形分子的合成和物理研究中取得了重大进展。这篇综述讨论了合成方法的进展，结构表征以及梯型杂并烯的应用。