Solid-state nanomaterials exhibit complementary interactions with biological systems because of their biologically-relevant size scales and rationally tunable electrical, chemical and mechanical properties. In this review, we focus specifically on one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials such as silicon or gold nanowires or carbon nanotubes. We discuss the nature of the nanomaterial–cell interface, and how that interface may be engineered to enhance or modulate cellular function. We then describe how those unique interfaces may be exploited in three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture to recapitulate the extracellular matrix and promote or complement morphogenesis. Finally, we describe how 1D nanomaterials may be elucidated as nanoelectronic devices that monitor the chemical or electrical environment of cells or tissue with exquisite spatial and temporal resolution. We discuss prospects for entirely new classes of engineered, hybrid tissues with rationally-designed biological function and two-way, closed-loop electronic communication.

中文翻译：

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纳米生物技术：用于细胞界面和混合组织的一维纳米材料构建块

固态纳米材料由于与生物相​​关的尺寸范围和合理可调的电，化学和机械性能，因此与生物系统表现出互补的相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们特别关注一维（1D）纳米材料，例如硅或金纳米线或碳纳米管。我们讨论了纳米材料-细胞界面的性质，以及如何设计该界面以增强或调节细胞功能。然后，我们描述了如何在三维（3D）组织培养中利用这些独特的界面来概括细胞外基质并促进或补充形态发生。最后，我们描述了如何将一维纳米材料作为一种纳米电子设备加以阐明，该纳米电子设备以精美的时空分辨率监控细胞或组织的化学或电环境。我们讨论了具有合理设计的生物学功能和双向，闭环电子通信的全新类别的工程化杂交组织的前景。