Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was applied for the treatment of textile dyes solutions using a flat-sheet polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. Both cationic (Maxilon Blue 5G, Drimarene Yellow K-2R) and anionic (Sodium Fluorescein) dyes have been considered. A model-type of a textile wastewater solution containing salts and the three cited dyes have also been tested to simulate real discharges of textile industries. The effects of DCMD operating parameters on the permeate flux and separation factor have been studied. Fouling phenomenon on both the membrane surface and in its pores was investigated by means of various characterization techniques and the permeate flux reduction factor together with the irreversible fouling index were determined. Different fouling mechanisms in DCMD could be established for each type of dye.

中文翻译：

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直接接触膜蒸馏在纺织废水处理中的应用及结垢研究

直接接触膜蒸馏（DCMD）工艺用于使用平板聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）膜处理纺织染料溶液。阳离子（Maxilon Blue 5G、Drimarene Yellow K-2R）和阴离子（荧光素钠）染料均已考虑。还测试了含有盐和三种染料的纺织废水模型，以模拟纺织工业的真实排放。研究了DCMD操作参数对渗透通量和分离因子的影响。通过各种表征技术研究了膜表面及其孔内的结垢现象，并确定了渗透通量降低因子和不可逆结垢指数。对于每种类型的染料，可以在 DCMD 中建立不同的结垢机制。