Integrated Environmental Models (IEMs) incorporating ecosystem services (ES) can be useful tools to support the decision-making. However, their successful application strongly depends upon the confidence decision-makers can place in their outputs. Uncertainty analysis (UA), including uncertainty location, identification, characterization, treatment and communication to decision-makers, can increase their confidence in the used model. To support the use of UA in practice we first focus on the purpose, concepts and methods underpinning UA in environmental modelling. As a main contribution, we then review existing UA frameworks and their coverage, before reviewing the current practice of performing UA for a set of 25 IEM tools. Based on our review we derive and discuss four perceived challenges and gaps whose significance may vary in different contexts: (1) the lack of consensus on terminologies for uncertainty locations; (2) characterization of uncertainty locations beyond variables; (3) treatment of heterogeneous uncertainty; and (4) the lack of a practical framework toward uncertainty communication. We suggest some steps forward for each of these challenges aiming at facilitating the application of UA to IEMs.

结合了生态系统服务（ES）的综合环境模型（IEM）可以成为支持决策的有用工具。但是，它们的成功应用在很大程度上取决于决策者对他们的输出结果的信心。不确定性分析（UA），包括不确定性位置，标识，特征，处理方法以及与决策者的沟通，可以增加他们对所用模型的信心。为了支持在实践中使用UA，我们首先关注在环境建模中支持UA的目的，概念和方法。作为主要贡献，我们然后将审查现有的UA框架及其涵盖范围，然后再审查针对25个IEM工具集执行UA的当前实践。根据我们的评论，我们得出并讨论了四个感知到的挑战和差距，它们的重要性在不同情况下可能会有所不同：（1）对于不确定性位置的术语缺乏共识；（2）表征变量之外的不确定位置；（3）异质不确定性的处理；（4）缺乏针对不确定性交流的实用框架。我们建议针对这些挑战中的每一个都应采取一些措施，以促进将UA应用于IEM。