MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs have long been investigated due to their roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancers and regulators of tumorigenesis, and the potential regulatory roles of these molecules in anticancer therapies are attracting increasing interest as more in-depth studies are performed. The major clinical therapies for cancer include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted molecular therapy. MicroRNAs and long noncoding RNAs function through various mechanisms in these approaches, and the mechanisms involve direct targeting of immune checkpoints, cooperation with exosomes in the tumor microenvironment, and alteration of drug resistance through regulation of different signaling pathways. Herein we review the regulatory functions and significance of microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in three anticancer therapies, especially in targeted molecular therapy, and their mechanisms.

MicroRNA和长链非编码RNA因其作为癌症的诊断和预后生物标志物以及肿瘤发生调节剂的作用而长期以来一直受到研究，并且随着更深入研究的进行，这些分子在抗癌治疗中的潜在调节作用正吸引着越来越多的兴趣。临床上癌症的主要治疗方法包括化疗、免疫治疗和靶向分子治疗。 MicroRNA和长链非编码RNA在这些方法中通过各种机制发挥作用，这些机制涉及直接靶向免疫检查点、与肿瘤微环境中的外泌体合作以及通过调节不同信号通路改变耐药性。本文综述了microRNA和长链非编码RNA在三种抗癌治疗尤其是靶向分子治疗中的调控功能和意义及其机制。