Abstract Adjoint sensitivity analysis of NOx, VOCs, and O3 around the south-eastern part of the Korean Peninsula was performed to estimate their contribution to the high O3 level in the inland city, Daegu. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling systems were used to simulate local circulation and a high O3 episode day. The adjoint version of the CMAQ model was applied because it is efficient in making decisions for emission control. Areas affecting day time O3 concentration in the receptors were investigated at various times. The results show that the transport of precursors (NOx and VOCs) was more important than that of O3 itself. The main influence area was extended from a neighboring location to eastern coastal city Pohang, affecting mainly on the same day as the receptor time. Another sensitive area was a remote area south of Daegu, where VOCs emitted on the previous day affected O3 concentration at the receptor time in relation with sea-breeze penetration. Sensitivities differed between the lower and upper parts of the boundary layer because of its development during the transport of O3 precursors. After the adjoint sensitivity analysis, the influences of meteorological and chemical effects was investigated separately without the chemical reaction module; the results were 61.9% and 38.1%, respectively. This adjoint result provides valuable information for decision making regarding emission control for air quality.

中文翻译：

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内陆臭氧对其前体以及气象和化学影响的伴随敏感性

摘要 对朝鲜半岛东南部周围的 NOx、VOCs 和 O3 进行了伴随敏感性分析，以估计它们对内陆城市大邱的高 O3 水平的贡献。天气研究和预测 (WRF) 和社区多尺度空气质量 (CMAQ) 建模系统用于模拟局部环流和高 O3 事件日。应用 CMAQ 模型的伴随版本是因为它可以有效地做出排放控制决策。在不同时间研究了影响受体中白天 O3 浓度的区域。结果表明，前体（NOx 和 VOCs）的传输比 O3 本身的传输更重要。主要影响区域从邻近位置延伸至东部沿海城市浦项，主要影响与接收时间同一天。另一个敏感地区是大邱以南的偏远地区，前一天排放的 VOC 会影响与海风渗透相关的受体时间的 O3 浓度。由于边界层在 O3 前体传输过程中的发展，边界层的下部和上部之间的敏感性不同。经过伴随敏感性分析，在没有化学反应模块的情况下，分别考察了气象和化学效应的影响；结果分别为 61.9% 和 38.1%。这一伴随结果为有关空气质量排放控制的决策提供了宝贵的信息。由于边界层在 O3 前体传输过程中的发展，边界层的下部和上部之间的敏感性不同。经过伴随敏感性分析，在没有化学反应模块的情况下，分别考察了气象和化学效应的影响；结果分别为 61.9% 和 38.1%。这一伴随结果为有关空气质量排放控制的决策提供了宝贵的信息。由于边界层在 O3 前体传输过程中的发展，边界层的下部和上部之间的敏感性不同。在伴随敏感性分析之后，在没有化学反应模块的情况下，单独研究了气象和化学效应的影响；结果分别为 61.9% 和 38.1%。这一伴随结果为有关空气质量排放控制的决策提供了宝贵的信息。