While ongoing warming and sea ice decline threaten unique Arctic ecosystems, they improve the prospect of exploiting fossil fuels in the seafloor. Arctic Calanus copepods can accumulate oil compounds in the large lipid reserves that enable them to cope with highly seasonal food availability characteristic of the Arctic. While spending a significant part of their lives overwintering at depth, their vulnerability to oil contamination during winter remains unknown. We investigated effects of the hazardous crude oil component pyrene on overwintering Calanus glacialis, a key species in Arctic shelf areas. Females were exposed from December to March and then transferred to clean water and fed until April. We showed that long-term exposure during overwintering reduced survival and lipid mobilization in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations previously considered sublethal. After exposure, strong delayed effects were observed in lipid recovery, fecal pellet, and egg production. We showed that 50% lethal threshold concentrations were at least 300 times lower than expected, and that 50% effect thresholds for pellet and egg production were at least 10 times lower than previously documented. Our study provides novel insights to the effects of oil contamination during winter, which is essential to evaluate ecological impacts of Arctic oil pollution.

中文翻译：

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北极Co足类Calanus glacialis越冬期间of暴露的影响

在持续的变暖和海冰减少威胁着独特的北极生态系统的同时，它们改善了在海底开采化石燃料的前景。北极Calanus pe足类动物可以在大量的脂质储藏物中积聚油类化合物，从而使它们能够应对北极地区季节性的季节性食物供应量极高的问题。尽管他们一生的大部分时间都在深层越冬，但他们在冬季遭受油污污染的脆弱性仍然未知。我们调查了危险的原油成分pyr对越冬Calaus glacialis的影响是北极大陆架地区的重要物种。雌性从十二月至三月暴露，然后转移到干净的水中喂养直到四月。我们表明，越冬期间的长期暴露以剂量依赖性方式降低了先前认为是亚致死浓度的存活率和脂质动员。暴露后，在脂质回收，粪便颗粒和产蛋方面观察到强烈的延迟效应。我们表明，致死阈值浓度的50％至少比预期的要低300倍，而颗粒和产蛋的影响阈值的50％至少比以前记录的要低10倍。我们的研究为冬季石油污染的影响提供了新颖的见解，这对于评估北极石油污染的生态影响至关重要。