Negative affect is considered an important factor in the etiology of depression and anxiety, and is highly related to pain. However, negative affect is not a unitary construct. To identify specific targets for treatment development, we aimed to derive latent variables of negative affect and test their unique contributions to affective processing during anticipation of unpredictable, painful shock. Eighty-three subjects (43 with depression and anxiety spectrum disorders and 40 healthy controls) completed self-report measures of negative valence and underwent neuroimaging while exploring computer-simulated contexts with and without the threat of a painful, but tolerable, shock. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted distinct components of general negative affect (GNA) and pain-related negative affect (PNA). While elevated GNA and PNA were both indicative of depression and anxiety disorders, greater PNA was more strongly related to task-specific anxious reactivity during shock anticipation. GNA was associated with increased precuneus and middle frontal gyrus activity, whereas PNA was related to increased bilateral anterior insula activity. Anterior insula activity mediated the relationship between PNA and task-specific anxious reactivity. In conclusion, GNA and PNA have distinct neural signatures and uniquely contribute to anxious anticipation. PNA, via insula activity, may relate to arousal in ways that could contribute to affective dysregulation, and thus may be an important treatment target.

中文翻译：

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负面影响的潜在变量分析及其在休克预期过程中对神经反应的贡献。

负面影响被认为是抑郁症和焦虑症病因的重要因素，并且与疼痛高度相关。但是，负面影响不是一个统一的构想。为了确定治疗发展的特定目标，我们旨在推导负面影响的潜在变量，并在预期不可预测的痛苦性休克期间测试其对情感处理的独特贡献。八十三名受试者（43名患有抑郁和焦虑症谱系障碍以及40名健康对照）完成了负价自我报告测量并接受了神经影像学检查，同时探索了计算机模拟的情境，无论有无痛苦但可忍受的休克威胁。主成分分析（PCA）提取了一般负面影响（GNA）和与疼痛相关的负面影响（PNA）的不同成分。虽然GNA和PNA升高均预示着抑郁和焦虑症，但在休克预期期间，更大的PNA与特定于任务的焦虑反应性更密切相关。GNA与胎前和中额回活动增加有关，而PNA与双侧前岛活动增加有关。前岛活动介导PNA和特定任务的焦虑反应之间的关系。总之，GNA和PNA具有独特的神经特征，并且对焦虑的预期有独特的贡献。PNA通过绝缘活动可能以可能导致情感失调的方式与唤醒有关，因此可能是重要的治疗目标。GNA与胎前和中额回活动增加有关，而PNA与双侧前岛活动增加有关。前岛活动介导PNA和特定任务的焦虑反应之间的关系。总之，GNA和PNA具有独特的神经特征，并且对焦虑的预期有独特的贡献。PNA通过绝缘活动可能以可能导致情感失调的方式与唤醒有关，因此可能是重要的治疗目标。GNA与胎前和中额回活动增加有关，而PNA与双侧前岛活动增加有关。前岛活动介导PNA和特定任务的焦虑反应之间的关系。总之，GNA和PNA具有独特的神经特征，并且对焦虑的预期有独特的贡献。PNA通过绝缘活动可能以可能导致情感失调的方式与唤醒有关，因此可能是重要的治疗目标。GNA和PNA具有独特的神经特征，并且对焦虑的预期有独特的贡献。PNA通过绝缘活动可能以可能导致情感失调的方式与唤醒有关，因此可能是重要的治疗目标。GNA和PNA具有独特的神经特征，并且对焦虑的预期有独特的贡献。PNA通过绝缘活动可能以可能导致情感失调的方式与唤醒有关，因此可能是重要的治疗目标。