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Analysis of the Frequency and Diversity of 1,3-Dialkylimidazolium Ionic Liquids Appearing in the Literature
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-08-29 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02573
Vincent F. Scalfani 1 , Ali Al Alshaikh 2 , Jason E. Bara 2
Affiliation  

The hypothetical assertion that there are potentially millions of ionic liquids (ILs) can be validated using basic knowledge of IL precursors and simple calculations. While it is an interesting thought exercise to ponder the possibilities of ILs, it is important to investigate how many discrete ILs (i.e., unique cation and anion pairings) have actually been synthesized and reported in the literature. A complete analysis of all ILs is a daunting task, especially if the definition of what constitutes an IL is broad. Nonetheless, insight can be gained into the use of ILs over the past ∼20 years from a focused analysis of systematically varied 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-based ILs (i.e., [R1R2im][X], where R1 and R2 are n-alkyl chains and X is either a halide or molecular anion). This family of ILs includes many of the most widely used and most thoroughly studied IL substances, including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim][PF6]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ([C2mim][Tf2N]). Using data retrieved from SciFinder searches, we analyzed the variety and frequency of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium-based ILs appearing in the literature. Our analysis reveals that there is a relatively large number of simple 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cations which have not yet been synthesized. Our findings indicate that despite the broad possibilities of IL structures available, there are but a handful of ILs that are commonly used and studied. Within the 1248 [R1R2im][X] ILs studied, there were only 12 cations extensively used, which included [R1R2im]+ (R1 = C1 and R2 = C1–C12). Of the 16 anions studied, only 5, including [BF4], [Cl], [PF6], [Tf2N], and [Br], were used significantly. Thus, it appears that although ILs can be used as designer solvents with task-specific properties, there is a small default subset of ILs, which are “go-to” or “one-size-fits-all.” We rationalize the current state of the IL landscape in terms of the historical perceptions (and misconceptions) around ILs, familiarity, availability and cost of starting materials, commercial availability of ILs, and the motivations from which researchers choose to synthesize and characterize new ILs.

中文翻译:

文献中出现的1,3-二烷基咪唑鎓离子液体的频率和多样性分析

可以使用IL前体的基本知识和简单的计算来验证可能存在数百万种离子液体(IL)的假设。尽管思考IL的可能性是一项有趣的思想练习,但重要的是研究文献中实际上已经合成并报告了多少个离散的IL(即独特的阳离子和阴离子对)。对所有IL进行完整分析是一项艰巨的任务,尤其是在构成IL的定义很宽泛的情况下。尽管如此,通过对系统变化的基于1,3-二烷基咪唑鎓的IL(即[R 1 R 2 im] [X],其中R 1和R R 2n-烷基链,并且X是卤素或分子阴离子。该IL系列包括许多使用最广泛和研究最深入的IL物质,包括六氟磷酸1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓([C 4 mim] [PF 6 ])和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓双嘧啶([C 2 mim] [Tf 2N])。使用从SciFinder搜索中检索到的数据,我们分析了文献中出现的基于1,3-二烷基咪唑鎓的IL的种类和频率。我们的分析表明,还存在尚未合成的相对简单的1,3-二烷基咪唑鎓阳离子。我们的发现表明,尽管可用的IL结构具有广泛的可能性,但只有少数IL被广泛使用和研究。在研究的1248个[R 1 R 2 im] [X] IL中,只有12种阳离子被广泛使用,包括[R 1 R 2 im] +(R 1 = C 1和R 2 = C 1 –C 12)。16个阴离子的研究中,只有5,包括[BF 4 ] -,[CL] -,[PF 6 ] -,[TF 2 N] - ,和[BR] - ,均显著使用。因此,似乎可以将IL用作具有特定任务属性的设计器溶剂,但是IL的默认子集很小,它们是“ go-to”或“ one-size-fits-all”。我们会根据围绕IL的历史认知(和误解),熟悉程度,原材料的可获得性和成本,IL的商业可用性以及研究人员选择合成和表征新IL的动机来合理化IL态势的当前状态。
更新日期:2018-08-30
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