In this study, we investigate the cradle-to-gate environmental impacts of a pre-production sulfur-based solid-state lithium pyrite battery suitable for electric vehicle applications. We apply process-based attributional life cycle assessment methodology, utilizing laboratory data, literature, U.S. patents, and US-EI 2.2 life cycle inventory database to estimate the materials and energy required for the battery and its anticipated manufacturing and assembly processes. We estimate a mass of 440 kg and a specific capacity of 182 Wh kg⁻¹ for a battery with 80 kWh energy capacity and 100 kW power, capable of powering a full-size battery electric vehicle with a 200-mile range. The estimated cumulative energy demand (CED) and global warming potential for a 100-year time horizon (GWP₁₀₀) are 3300 MJ kWh⁻¹ and 199 kg CO₂ eq. kWh⁻¹, respectively. The combination of direct and upstream energy associated with clean dry-room operation accounts for the biggest share of the total CED (75%) and GWP₁₀₀ (73%), followed by the cathode paste (10% and 6%, respectively). The energy demand and environmental impacts of the clean dry-room and cathode paste present opportunities to improve production processes and reduce costs. CED and GWP₁₀₀ impacts associated with battery production are lower than well-to-wheel energy consumption and emissions for a vehicle with the same size and range. The pyrite battery delivers higher specific capacity than the current Li-ion battery chemistries while its CED and GWP₁₀₀ environmental impacts are comparable.

在这项研究中，我们研究了适用于电动汽车应用的预生产硫基固态黄铁矿锂电池从摇篮到大门对环境的影响。我们使用基于过程的归因生命周期评估方法，利用实验室数据，文献，美国专利和US-EI 2.2生命周期清单数据库来估计电池及其预期制造和组装过程所需的材料和能量。对于能量容量为80 kWh和功率为100 kW的电池，我们估计其重量为440千克，比容量为182 Wh千克^-1，能够为200英里范围的全尺寸电池电动汽车提供动力。100年时间范围内的估计累计能源需求（CED）和全球变暖潜力（GWP ₁₀₀）是3300 MJ kWh ^-1和199 kg CO ₂当量。分别为kWh ^-1。清洁干房运行所产生的直接和上游能量相结合，在总CED（75％）和GWP ₁₀₀（73％）中占最大份额，其次是阴极浆料（分别为10％和6％）。清洁干燥室和阴极浆料的能源需求和环境影响为改善生产工艺和降低成本提供了机会。与CED和GWP _100的电池生产相关的影响要低于相同尺寸和范围的车辆的轮对车轮能耗和排放。与当前的锂离子电池化学物质相比，黄铁矿电池具有更高的比容量，而其CED和GWP_100个环境影响是可比的。