Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) have been raising health concerns for food safety due to their association with staphylococcal foodborne poisoning (SFP). As superantigens, they also cause the life threatening toxic shock syndrome (TSS), the transmission of which via food cannot be ruled out despite the lack of epidemiological evidence. To date, at least 23 of these exotoxins are known and separated into SEs and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-like (SEl) depending on whether or not they invoke emesis. This work presents an up-to-date overview on the presently known SEs/SEls from the perspective of their classification, pathogenesis, and genetic organisation. The incidence of these toxins in dairy products, the risk this poses to the public health, and possible control means are also reviewed.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄球菌肠毒素和类肠毒素的毒素，特别涉及乳制品：概述

葡萄球菌肠毒素（SEs）与食品中的葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒（SFP）有关，因此一直引起人们对食品安全的关注。作为超抗原，它们还会引起威胁生命的中毒性休克综合症（TSS），尽管缺乏流行病学证据，但不能排除通过食物传播的中毒性休克综合症。迄今为止，这些外毒素中至少有23种是已知的，并根据它们是否引起呕吐而分为SEs和葡萄球菌肠毒素样（SEl）。这项工作从它们的分类，发病机理和遗传组织的角度介绍了当前已知的SE / SE1的最新概况。乳制品中这些毒素的发生率，对公众健康构成的风险以及可能的控制手段也进行了审查。